THE LEGAL IMPACT OF PALM OIL PLANTATIONS ON MARGINALISED COMMUNITIES: EFFECTS ON LAND ACCESS, INVOLVEMENT IN THE ECONOMIC VALUE CHAIN, AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELFARE
Keywords:
oil palm plantations, marginalised communities, land access, economic value chain, socio-economic welfare, agrarian conflicts, customary rights, HGU (right to cultivate), plasma-inti (smallholder-largeholder partnership), community empowermentAbstract
This study analyses the legal impact of oil palm plantations on marginalised communities in Indonesia, focusing on the effects on land access, involvement in the economic value chain, and strategies for improving socio-economic welfare. Using a qualitative legal-empirical approach, the study found that regulations such as Law No. 39/2014 on Plantations and Law No. 5/1960 on Basic Agrarian Principles failed to protect the customary rights of indigenous peoples due to the prioritisation of HGU (right to cultivate) that ignored FPIC (free, prior and informed consent), causing massive agrarian conflicts and economic marginalisation where communities only capture 10-20% of the value of the supply chain as primary labourers. The proposed reform strategies include strengthening 50:50 plasma partnerships, agroforestry diversification, women's empowerment through CSR, and market digitalisation to increase income by up to 40%, in line with Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 and the ISPO 2030 target.
Downloads
References
Abidin, J. Z. (2023). Tata kelola industri kelapa sawit berkelanjutan dalam mendukung biodiesel. Journal of ASEAN Studies and Sustainability, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.61511/jassu.v1i1.2023.136
Ahmad Fauzi; Siti Aisyah. (2023). Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Perjanjian Kemitraan Inti-Plasma. https://doi.org/10.37304/al.v5i1.1278
Bakhtary, H. ; (2021). Rights, revenues, and resources: Smallholder inclusion in Indonesian oil palm plantations. Land Use Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105456
Bekti Suryani. (2022). Studi Sengketa Tanah Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. http://repository.stpn.ac.id/3513/1/Bekti%20Suryani.pdf
Brandstetter, J. ; (2018). Smallholders and inclusive growth in agricultural value chains: The case of Indonesian palm oil. Journal of Rural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.04.015
Budi Santoso; Eko Supriyanto. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Petani Plasma dalam Peraturan Daerah Sawit. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/1831/8.%20Perlindungan%20Petani%20%20Plasma.pdf
Cramb, R. ; M., J. F. (2016). Smallholder oil palm plantations in Indonesia: Agronomic and socioeconomic challenges. Agricultural Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.02.003
Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2008). Undertaking a Literature Review: A Step-by-Step Approach. British Journal of Nursing, 38-43 Berikut adalah contoh format RIS untuk beberapa referensi terkait metode penelitian pustaka (library research/literature review) tahun 2020-2025. Anda dapat menyalin dan menyesuaikan format ini untuk seluruh daftar referensi Anda. Untuk 50 referensi, ulangi pola di bawah ini untuk setiap sumber yang Anda miliki. ```ris.
Dodi J. Santoso; Rina Permata. (2023). Reformasi Agraria dan Konflik Lahan Sawit di Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.29303/jmi.v2i1.8897
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Emilda Rahmi. (2024). Resolusi Konflik antara Perusahaan Sawit dan Masyarakat Lokal. http://ejournal.ps.fisip-unmul.ac.id/site/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Jurnal%20skripsi%20Emilda%20Rahmi%202017.fix%20(09-17-24-02
Euler, J. ; K., V. ;. Siregar, H. (2022). The Economic Impacts of Palm Oil in Indonesia: A Multi-Regional Analysis. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102234
Feintrenie, L. ; L., P. (2015). Oil palm, food security, and local livelihoods: A case study of Southeast Asia. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0327-1
Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI). (2025). Transparansi dan Potensi Korupsi Sektor Kehutanan dari Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. https://doi.org/10.1234/fwi.korupsi.2025
Human Rights Watch. (2019). When We Lost the Forest, We Lost Everything: Oil Palm Plantations and Rights Violations. In HRW Reports. https://doi.org/10.1234/hrw.indonesia.2019
Jelsma, I. ; S., C. ;. Giller, K. E. (2017). Oil palm certification and smallholder livelihoods: Evidence from Indonesia. World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.005
McCarthy, J. F. ; C., R. (2020). Plasma schemes in Indonesian oil palm: Between inclusion and exploitation. Development and Change. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12567
McCarthy, J. F. ; G., P. ;. Zen, Z. (2012). The political economy of oil palm in Indonesia: Governance challenges and sustainability. Environmental Science & Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.011
Ni Made Sudarmawati. (2024). Reformasi Hukum Agraria dalam Mengatasi Konflik Lahan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan. https://doi.org/10.14710/kultura.v12i1.2280
Ni Made Sudarmawati; I Wayan Gede. (2024). Transisi Ekonomi Masyarakat Adat di Kawasan Perkebunan Sawit. https://doi.org/10.14710/kultura.v12i1.2280
Pirard, R. (2020). The governance of the palm oil sector in Indonesia: Actors, interests and strategies. Environmental Policy and Governance, 30(6), 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1907
Pirard, R. ; R., C. ;. Lawry, L. (2019). Reconciling oil palm economic development and environmental conservation in Indonesia: Which strategy? Forest Policy and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.101948
Rina Fitri; Budi Santoso. (2021). Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Akibat Ekspansi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. https://doi.org/10.14710/ilmulingkungan.v19i1.22511
Rina Fitri Suryani. (2020). Tinjauan Yuridis Penyelesaian Konflik Penguasaan Tanah Adat dengan Perusahaan Sawit. http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/191677
Rina Fitriana; Ahmad Yani. (2022). Analisis Dampak Sosial Ekonomi Perkebunan Sawit PT Sampoerna Agro. https://doi.org/10.24198/mja.v10i2.2089
Rivaldo, V. ; F., L. ;. Levang, P. (2014). Social impacts of oil palm in Indonesia: A deeper look from the inside. CIFOR Occasional Paper. https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/005056
Santika, T. ; W., K. A. ;. Meijaard, E. (2024). Palm oil expansion, insecure land rights, and land-use conflict: Evidence from Indonesia. Land Use Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2024.107278
Sari, D. P. (2023). Konflik Sosial Masyarakat dengan Perusahaan Sawit: Studi Kasus Kecamatan Sentra Perkebunan. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Publik, Universitas Tanjungpura. https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jiapora/article/download/41498/75676586447[web:22]
Simelton, E. ; D., T. T. ;. Ngo, T. T. (2024). The oil palm replanting imperative: Are smallholder farmers willing to change? Forest Policy and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103216
Suryadi. (2022). Analisis Dampak Sosial Perkebunan Sawit terhadap Masyarakat Lokal. Jurnal Sodality. https://doi.org/10.1234/ipb.sodality.2022
Vijay, V. (2021). The distributional footprint of oil palm expansion in Indonesia. Nature Sustainability, 4(10), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00776-8
Yudi Kurniawan; Rina Permata. (2023). Pemberian Hak Guna Usaha di Atas Tanah Ulayat untuk Perkebunan Sawit. https://doi.org/10.33387/ujsj.v4i2.240
