NETIZEN: JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS
NETIZEN: JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS | E-ISSN: 3032-4319 adalah jurnal yang menerbitkan artikel penelitian yang mencangkup multidisiplin, yang meliputi; Humaniora dan ilmu sosial, ilmu politik kontemporer, ilmu pendidikan, psikologi, ilmu agama dan filsafat, ilmu teknik, bisnis dan ekonomi, Koperasi, teknologi, ilmu kesehatan, ilmu kedokteran, pengembangan SDM, ilmu seni desain dan media, komunikasi, pertanian, perhutanan dan ilmu-ilmu lainnya. NETIZEN: JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS diterbitkan sebulan sekali dalam setahun, jurnal peer-review, dan mengkhususkan diri dalam penelitian lapangan dan kajian referensi yang berkaitan dengan multidisiplin keilmuan. Jurnal ini mengundang para cendekiawan dan pakar yang bekerja di semua disiplin ilmu. Artikel harus asli, berbasis penelitian lapangan dan literatur, tidak dipublikasikan dan tidak sedang dalam peninjauan untuk kemungkinan publikasi di jurnal lain. Semua makalah yang dikirimkan tunduk pada tinjauan editor, dewan redaksi, dan peninjau buta. Kiriman yang melanggar pedoman kami tentang pemformatan atau panjangnya akan ditolak tanpa peninjauan.
MODEL KONSEPTUAL : PENGARUH E-SERVQUAL DAN INTERAKSI MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN PELANGGAN MELALUI CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT
Digital transformation has changed the way companies interact with customers. In a digital business environment, customer engagement has become a key factor in building long-term relationships with customers. This conceptual article aims to develop a customer engagement model by integrating E-Servqual and social media interaction with customer satisfaction. Through a literature review approach, this article proposes that E-Servqual has a positive effect on customer engagement, which in turn enhances customer satisfaction. Furthermore, social media interaction has a positive effect on customer engagement and consequently enhances customer satisfaction as well. It is hoped that the proposed model will enrich the literature on digital marketing and consumer behaviour and serve as a foundation for future research. This conceptual model highlights the importance of the roles of E-Servqual and social media interaction in building sustainable customer engagement to enhance customer satisfaction.
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RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI MOBILE BERBASIS UNITY SEBAGAI MEDIA EDUKASI INTERAKTIF PENGENALAN ADAT PELA GANDONG MALUKU (Studi Kasus: Negeri Rutong – Rumahkay)
The development method used in this study was the Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC), which consists of six stages: Concept, Design, Material Collecting, Assembly, Testing, and Distribution. Data were collected through literature review, observation, interviews, and documentation. The application was developed using the Unity game engine by integrating various multimedia elements, including text, images, audio, animation, video, and interactive quizzes to enhance the user learning experience. System testing was conducted using the Black Box Testing method to ensure that all application functions operated according to the specified functional requirements. The results of the study indicate that the application was successfully developed according to the proposed design. All main features, including learning materials, the history of Pela Gandong, profiles of Rutong and Rumahkay Villages, image galleries, educational videos, interactive quizzes, background music, and navigation functions, operated properly. Based on the Black Box Testing conducted on 16 test scenarios, all application functions passed successfully, achieving a 100% success rate. Therefore, the application is considered feasible to be used as an educational medium. This study concludes that the Unity-based mobile application serves as an interactive, engaging, and user-friendly digital learning medium for introducing the history and cultural values of the Pela Gandong tradition in Maluku. The application is expected to support the preservation of local cultural heritage through multimedia technology while increasing younger generations' interest in learning about regional culture.
Multimedia Development Life Cycle (MDLC)
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PAKAN AMPAS TAHU FERMENTASI DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHANIKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias graiepinus)
This research was conducted in Oesapa Selatan Village, Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, in November–January 2026. The research aimed to determine the effect of providing fermented tofu dregs with different doses in feed on the growth of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and to determine the dose that provided the best growth results. The research method used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications to obtain 16 experimental units. The treatments given included P0 (100 g of commercial Hi-Pro-Vite feed without fermented tofu dregs), P1 (10 g of fermented tofu dregs), P2 (15 g of fermented tofu dregs), and P3 (20 g of fermented tofu dregs). The parameters observed included weight gain, body length gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR). Observations were carried out every 10 days for 40 days of maintenance. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and if significant differences were found, the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was performed at the 5% level. The results showed that the provision of fermented tofu dregs significantly affected the growth and survival of African catfish. Treatment P2 (15 g fermented tofu dregs) provided the best results, with the highest weight gain, length gain, SGR, and SR compared to other treatments.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN PUPUK KANDANG KOTORAN SAPI DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescens L.) DI GREEN HOUSE FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT
This study aimed to determine the effect of cow manure application on the growth of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) and to identify the most effective dosage for optimal plant growth. The research was conducted at the Biology Greenhouse, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Persatuan Guru 1945 NTT, Kupang, from January to March 2026. An experimental method was employed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments and five replications, resulting in 20 experimental units. The treatments were A0 (soil without cow manure), A1 (soil + cow manure at a ratio of 1 kg : 1 kg), A2 (soil + cow manure at a ratio of 1.5 kg : 0.5 kg), and A3 (soil + cow manure at a ratio of 0.5 kg : 1.5 kg). The observed parameters included plant height and number of leaves. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of cow manure significantly affected the growth of cayenne pepper plants. Treatment A1 produced the best growth performance, with an average plant height of 18.18 cm and an average leaf number of 17.53 leaves. The increase in plant growth was attributed to the availability of essential macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which play important roles in tissue formation, photosynthetic activity, and vegetative development. In addition, cow manure improved the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby enhancing nutrient availability and uptake by plants. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that cow manure application positively influenced the growth of cayenne pepper plants, with treatment A1 providing the most effective dosage for optimal growth.
MAKNA DAMAI SEJAHTERA KRISTUS BERDASARKAN FILIPI 4: 6-7 SEBAGAI DASAR KEHIDUPAN ORANG PERCAYA
This study aims to analyze the meaning of the peace of Christ based on Philippians 4:6–7 and to explain its relevance as a foundation for the believer's life. The research employs a qualitative method using a library research approach, specifically through an exegetical analysis of the text of Philippians 4:6–7. Data were obtained from the Bible as the primary source and supported by relevant theological books, biblical commentaries, and scholarly journal articles as secondary sources. The findings indicate that the peace of Christ is a gift from God bestowed upon believers who live in fellowship with Christ through prayer, supplication, and thanksgiving. This peace does not depend on life's circumstances; rather, it is a work of God that guards the hearts and minds of believers amidst various challenges. Beyond its theological dimension, the peace of Christ has practical implications for shaping character, strengthening faith, overcoming anxiety, and building a God-centered life. Thus, Philippians 4:6–7 affirms that the peace of Christ serves as a solid foundation for the believer's life, enabling them to face life's dynamics with faith, maturity, and hope.
TEOLOGI IMAN DAN PERBUATAN BERDASARKAN YAKOBUS 2: 17 DALAM KEHIDUPAN ORANG KRISTEN MASA KINI
This study aims to analyze the theology of faith and works based on James 2:17 and to explain its relevance to the lives of contemporary Christians. A qualitative research method employing a literature review approach was used. Data were gathered through an examination of the Bible as well as various theological texts, biblical commentaries, scholarly journal articles, and other relevant academic sources. The analysis utilized a descriptive-analytical approach, incorporating exegesis and hermeneutics to understand the text's theological meaning and its implications for the lives of believers. The findings indicate that James 2:17 affirms that genuine faith is always manifested through works as the fruit of salvation, rather than as a prerequisite for obtaining it. Faith and works are complementary aspects of the Christian life. The implementation of this teaching is reflected in character formation, ministry, social concern, and the integrity of the believer's life. Consequently, the theology of James 2:17 remains relevant as a foundation for cultivating a Christian spirituality that is authentic and responsible, and capable of bearing witness to Christ within modern society.
KONSEP PEMURIDAN YANG ALKITABIAH BERDASARKAN MATIUS 28: 19-20 BAGI PERTUMBUHAN IMAN JEMAAT
This study aims to analyze the biblical concept of discipleship based on Matthew 28:19–20 and its implications for the growth of the congregation's faith. Employing a qualitative method with a literature review approach, the study analyzes the Bible, theological texts, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings indicate that Matthew 28:19–20 establishes discipleship as the core of the Great Commission, encompassing the proclamation of the Gospel, baptism, teaching, and ongoing guidance. Discipleship is understood as a Christ-centered process of disciple-making facilitated through God's Word, exemplary living, and the work of the Holy Spirit that results in character transformation and spiritual maturity. Its implementation is realized through systematic biblical teaching, small groups, mentoring, and active involvement in church ministry. This concept fosters the growth of the congregation's faith, evidenced by spiritual maturity, Christian character, commitment to ministry, healthy fellowship, and the capacity to disciple others. Thus, biblical discipleship serves as a foundational element for the growth of the congregation's faith and the continuity of the church's mission in accordance with the Great Commission of Jesus Christ.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR (POC) PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA (PGPR) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SELADA (Lactuca sativa L.) DI GREEN HOUSE FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT
This study was conducted over a three-month period, from November 2025 to January 2026, at the FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT greenhouse in Oebobo District, Kupang City. The research aimed to determine the effect of applying Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) liquid organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of lettuce (*Lactuca sativa* L.) and to identify the most effective dosage. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, featuring five treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (control without PGPR), P1 (150 ml/liter of water), P2 (250 ml/liter of water), P3 (350 ml/liter of water), and P4 (450 ml/liter of water). Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight of the lettuce plants. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results indicated that the application of PGPR liquid organic fertilizer had a highly significant effect on lettuce growth and yield. The best results were obtained with a dosage of 450 ml/liter of water (P4), yielding an average plant height of 24.80 cm, 22.50 leaves, and a fresh weight of 134.67 grams. The enhanced plant growth is attributed to the ability of PGPR to increase nutrient availability, improve soil biological conditions, and produce growth hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. Thus, the use of PGPR liquid organic fertilizer offers an environmentally friendly bio-fertilizer alternative for sustainably increasing lettuce productivity.
SILENT EXODUS DALAM GEREJA: KAJIAN TEOLOGIS TERHADAP FENOMENA JEMAAT YANG MASIH BERIBADAH TETAPI KEHILANGAN KETERIKATAN EKLESIAL
The phenomenon of silent exodus emerges when congregants continue to participate in worship—whether physically or virtually yet undergo a degradation of communal attachment and spiritual commitment. This study analyzes the phenomenon from a theological-ecclesiological perspective using a qualitative-descriptive approach based on library research,. Data analysis employs the Miles & Huberman technique, which involves data reduction, data display, and verification through content analysis,. The research findings identify several key contributing factors: individualism, consumerism, digitalization, church leadership crises, and the cultural shifts of the younger generation. From an ecclesiological standpoint, the church is ideally the "body of Christ" in fellowship, as described in Ephesians 2:19–22 and 1 Corinthians 12:12–27. Silent exodus is viewed as a crisis of belonging that aligns with Grace Davie’s concept of “believing without belonging”. Such conditions require the church to revitalize its calling for koinonia (fellowship) through inclusive pastoral care and an adaptive church model (such as the elastic church) that synergizes physical and digital spaces. Through the Spiral Silent Exodus conceptual diagram, this study concludes the urgency of addressing these ecclesial challenges and recommends further field research within the Indonesian church context.
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR (POC) LIMBAH PASAR TERHADAP PRODUKSI TANAMAN KANGKUNG DARAT (Ipomoea reptans Poir) DI GREEN HOUSE FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT
This study aimed to determine the effect of market waste-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on the growth and production of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir), as well as to determine the best concentration for optimal results. The study was conducted at the Green House of FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT, Oebobo District, Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, from November 2025 to January 2026 using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (control), P1 (25 ml/L water), P2 (50 ml/L water), P3 (75 ml/L water), and P4 (100 ml/L water). The observed variables included plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the application of market waste-based liquid organic fertilizer had a highly significant effect on all growth and production parameters of water spinach. The best treatment was obtained in P4 (100 ml/L water), resulting in the highest plant height (36.4 cm), leaf length (15 cm), number of leaves (11.8 leaves), and fresh weight (3.12 g). Therefore, market waste-based liquid organic fertilizer is effective in improving the growth and production of water spinach and has the potential to become an environmentally friendly and economical fertilizer alternative.
PELUANG DAN TANTANGAN PASAR GLOBAL UNTUK INDUSTRI KOSMETIK DAN FARMASI HALAL
The halal cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries are experiencing significant growth in the global market, with a market potential of up to USD 10 trillion. This study employs a literature review method with a qualitative descriptive approach to map the opportunities and challenges facing the halal cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries in the global market. The findings indicate that global market opportunities are driven by the growth of the Muslim population to 2 billion people, with the halal cosmetics market projected to reach USD 79.8 billion by 2025 and the halal pharmaceutical market USD 174.59 billion. Consumer awareness of safe and high-quality halal products, along with market expansion in non-Muslim countries, are the primary driving factors. Key challenges include the lack of uniformity in halal certification standards across countries, reliance on imported raw materials that may not be halal, high certification costs that hinder SMEs, competition with established global brands, and low halal literacy. This study offers strategic implications for industry developers, policymakers, and certification bodies in building a globally competitive halal industry ecosystem through standard harmonization, capacity building for business actors, and the strengthening of halal economic diplomacy.
RESPON PERTUMBUHAN PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) TERHADAP NAUNGAN YANG BERBEDA DI GREEN HOUSE FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT
Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) is a high-value horticultural crop whose growth is strongly influenced by light intensity. Shading is commonly used to regulate light availability and create more favorable growing conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different shading levels on the growth of pakcoy. The experiment was conducted at the Greenhouse of FMIPA UPG 1945 NTT, Oebobo District, Kupang City, from November to December 2025 using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments: no shading (T0), 60% shading (T1), and 80% shading (T2), each replicated five times. Observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and fresh weight, and the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that shading significantly affected pakcoy growth; the no-shade treatment (T0) resulted in the tallest plants, while 60% shading (T1) produced the most optimal overall growth, and 80% shading (T2) led to the lowest performance. Therefore, 60% shading is recommended to improve pakcoy growth under the given conditions.
IDENTIFIKASI HAMA PADA TANAMAN CABAI RAWIT(Capsium frutescens L) DI DESA OEMATNUNU KECAMATAN KUPANG BARATKABUPATEN KUPANG
This study aims to identify pest species and determine the dominant pest groups on cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L) plants in Oematnunu Village, West Kupang District, Kupang Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with direct field sampling techniques using insect nets, sweep nets, and forceps. Observations were conducted for 14 days during the generative phase of the plants. The results showed that 16 pest species were identified, belonging to 6 orders, 12 families, 14 genera, and 14 species. These pests attacked various plant parts, including leaves, stems, and fruits. The order Hemiptera was the most dominant group with a percentage of 28,57%, followed by Orthoptera at 21,43%. This dominance is influenced by the pests’ adaptability to environmental conditions and the availability of food sources in cayenne pepper plants. The presence of various pest species and predator organisms indicates ecosystem interactions that can be utilized in integrated pest management strategies. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a basis for developing effective and environmentally friendly pest control strategies to improve cayenne pepper productivity.
PERAN ASPEK RELIGIUS DALAM PENGEMBANGAN KURIKULUM PENDIDIKAN DI INDONESIA
This study discusses the role of religious aspects in the development of the Islamic Education curriculum in Indonesia. Religious values serve as a fundamental foundation in shaping the direction, objectives, and implementation of the curriculum. The study uses a library research approach by examining relevant books related to Islamic education and curriculum development. The findings indicate that religious aspects play a significant role as a philosophical foundation, a means of character building, and a guide in the learning process. In addition, these values function as a filter in facing the challenges of globalization, helping students maintain their moral and spiritual identity. The integration of religious values into the curriculum contributes to the formation of students who are intellectually competent and spiritually grounded. Therefore, strengthening the religious dimension in curriculum development is essential to achieve holistic education outcomes.
EFEKTIFITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KONTEKSTUAL PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SD/MI
Indonesian language learning in elementary schools (SD/MI) aims to develop students' spoken and written language skills. However, in practice, learning is often conventional and lacks connection between the material and students' real lives, resulting in low motivation and learning outcomes. The contextual teaching and learning model (CTL) offers an alternative that emphasizes the connection between subject matter and real-world situations. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of the contextual learning model in improving Indonesian language learning outcomes in SD/MI. The method used is library research, reviewing various relevant books and scientific journals. The results indicate that the contextual learning model is effective in improving conceptual understanding, language skills, learning motivation, and active student participation because learning is linked to their real-life experiences.
PENDEKATAN PEMBELAJARAN BEHAVIORISME, KOGNITIVISME, KONTRUTIFISME, DAN HUMANISME DALAM KONTEKS KURIKULUM MERDEKA
The Independent Curriculum emphasizes student-centered, flexible, and differentiated learning. This study aims to analyze the application of four main learning theories, namely behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism, in the practice of the Independent Curriculum at the elementary school level.The method used is descriptive qualitative.results of the study indicate that the four approaches are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary: behaviorism is relevant for habit formation and basic competency achievement through reinforcement; cognitivism supports the development of thinking strategies and metacognition in the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project; constructivism is the core of project-based and inquiry-based learning; and humanism strengthens aspects of differentiation, well-being, and formative assessment that humanize students. Conclusion: teachers need to design eclectic learning that combines the four approaches according to learning achievement objectives and student characteristics.
PENDEKATAN SOSIAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPS (MENGEMBANGKAN SIKAP KRITIS DAN PEDULI SOSIAL DI SD)
Social approach in Social Studies (IPS) learning at the elementary school level plays an important role in shaping students’ critical thinking and social awareness. This study aims to analyze the concept, implementation, challenges, and strategies of applying a social approach in IPS learning to develop critical and caring attitudes among students. The method used is qualitative research based on a literature review, relying on relevant books as the main source of data. The analysis is conducted descriptively by examining various theoretical perspectives related to social learning approaches and character development in primary education. The findings show that the social approach helps students understand real-life social phenomena, encourages active participation in learning, and strengthens social values such as empathy, cooperation, and responsibility. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, including limited learning time, teacher creativity, and learning resources. Therefore, effective strategies are needed to optimize the learning process so that students can develop both cognitive and social skills in a balanced way.
PERBANDINGAN PENDEKATAN BEHAVIORISME, KOGNITIVISME, KONSTRUKTIVISME, DAN HUMANISME TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA DI SEKOLAH DASAR/MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH
This study aims to analyze the comparison of four major learning approaches behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, and humanism and their influence on elementary school students' learning outcomes. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method by analyzing various educational theories and empirical studies related to learning outcomes in elementary education. The findings show that behaviorism is effective in shaping basic skills and habits, cognitivism enhances students’ understanding of concepts, constructivism improves critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and humanism contributes significantly to students’ motivation and character development. The study concludes that no single approach is universally superior; rather, an integrative and contextual application of these approaches is most effective in improving holistic learning outcomes in elementary schools.
PENDEKATAN SAINTIFIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI SD(IMPLEMENTASI DAN TANTANGANNYA DIKELAS)
This study discusses the implementation of the scientific approach in elementary school learning and the challenges faced in classroom practice. The scientific approach, which consists of observing, questioning, experimenting, associating, and communicating, is expected to improve students’ critical thinking skills and active participation. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method through classroom observation and literature review. The results show that the scientific approach can create more interactive and meaningful learning processes. However, teachers still face several challenges such as limited time allocation, differences in students’ abilities, and lack of learning facilities. Therefore, teachers need creativity and good classroom management skills to implement this approach effectively
PENDEKATAN SOSIAL DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MEMBANGUN KESADARAN SOSIAL DAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SISWA DI SD/MI
This study discusses the social approach in elementary (SD/MI) learning as an effort to build students’ social awareness and responsibility. The social approach emphasizes interaction, collaboration, and shared learning experiences as essential components in the learning process. This study aims to describe the concept and objectives, principles and implementation, as well as the impacts and challenges of applying the social approach in elementary education. The method used is a literature-based study by reviewing various relevant books and theoretical sources. The results show that the social approach can effectively develop students’ empathy, cooperation skills, and sense of responsibility within group activities. However, its implementation faces challenges such as differences in student characteristics and limited classroom management strategies. Therefore, teachers play a crucial role as facilitators in creating an inclusive and interactive learning environment. In conclusion, the social approach significantly contributes to shaping students’ character by fostering social awareness and responsibility from an early age.
PERAN PENGRAJIN LOKAL DALAM PENGEMBANGAN WISATA EDUKASI TENUN CUAL DI KABUPATEN SAMBAS
This study analyzes the role of local artisans in developing educational tourism based on Cual weaving in Sambas Regency, focusing on Sumber Harapan Village as a weaving center with cultural assets, craft products, and hands-on learning activities. This article applies a descriptive qualitative approach by reviewing field data derived from observation, interviews, documentation, and secondary data from previous research on the development of Cual weaving educational tour packages. Data were analyzed through reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that local artisans act as custodians of traditional knowledge, key actors in educational attractions, cultural interpreters, souvenir product innovators, and connectors between cultural heritage and tourist experience. These roles are reflected in the demonstration of terau, liring, penganian, menatar, mengubung, motif design, and weaving processes, which can be packaged as learning-based tourism activities. Artisans also strengthen the tourism value chain through weaving galleries, workshops, product sales, and simple weaving assistance for visitors. However, the development of educational tourism still requires stronger interpretation skills, service standards, package variation, digital promotion, and clearer partnerships among artisans, tourism awareness groups, village government, and tourism stakeholders. This article argues that the success of Cual weaving educational tourism depends not only on the existence of woven products, but also on the positioning of artisans as central subjects in designing meaningful tourism experiences.
EVALUASI IMPLEMENTASI PROSEDUR PENGELOLAAN BARANG MASUK DAN KELUAR PADA WAREHOUSE DI PT PATRIA LINTAS JAYA
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of incoming and outgoing goods management procedures in the warehouse at PT Patria Lintas Jaya. The research method used was a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with the Warehouse Head. The results indicate a discrepancy between standard operating procedures and field practices, particularly in the inventory recording and control process. The main obstacles identified include limited human resources in administration, a suboptimal semi-manual recording system, and a lack of regular monitoring of procedure implementation. These conditions result in discrepancies in stock data, resulting in a lack of synchronization between physical records and the system. Therefore, improvements are needed through digitalization of the inventory system, additional administrative staff, and increased compliance with established procedures to ensure more effective and efficient warehouse operations.
GRADASI PEMBUNUHAN DALAM TRADISI COMMON LAW DAN CIVIL LAW: MENS REA, PEMBELAAN PARSIAL, DAN PROPORSIONALITAS
This article examines how different legal traditions construct degrees of liability in homicide through the relationship between mens rea, culpability, legal grade, and punishment. It focuses on the distinction between murder and manslaughter, and on how provocation, diminished responsibility, recklessness, felony murder, and constructive murder shape the boundaries between homicide grades. The study employs doctrinal-comparative analysis and functional comparison by examining common law and civil law traditions through selected illustrative jurisdictions, namely England and Wales, the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, and France. The findings show that the central problem in homicide grading lies in the instability between degree of fault, legal label, and penal consequence. Partial defences may prevent murder from operating too rigidly, yet they may also produce under-labelling when mitigation is overly broad or excessively offender-centred. Conversely, felony murder, constructive murder, and extreme recklessness may generate over-labelling when the fatal result or the context of the underlying offence substitutes for a specific assessment of the defendant’s mental state toward death. The article implies that a proportionate homicide system must punish lethal violence seriously while preserving meaningful distinctions between levels of culpability.
EFEKTIVITAS LATIHAN SELF-COMPASSION TERHADAP TINGKAT INSECURE PADA KARYAWAN GEN Z
Generation Z, which is beginning to dominate the workforce, frequently faces psychological pressure due to social comparison phenomena on social media. This condition triggers feelings of inadequacy (insecurity) that can hinder job performance and psychological well-being within organizations. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of self-compassion training in reducing insecurity levels among Generation Z employees. The method employed is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA guidelines, analyzing 18 relevant scientific articles from the PubMed and Scopus databases within the 2021-2026 timeframe. The analysis results indicate that self-compassion serves as a crucial mediator and a "mental shield" that transforms self-critical mindsets into self-supportive ones. The conclusion of this study confirms that self-compassion interventions are significantly effective in reducing insecurity levels, enhancing resilience, and preventing burnout among young employees.
DAMPAK KEPEMIMPINAN OTENTIK TERHADAP EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT PADA GENERASI Z: TINJAUAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIS
The acceleration of digital technology and the large-scale entry of Generation Z into the workforce have made leadership and employee engagement increasingly critical issues. This study aims to summarize empirical evidence regarding the relationship between authentic leadership and work engagement, and to identify its relevance for Generation Z employees. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines, analyzing 10 studies from the Scopus database published between 2021 and early 2026. Analysis results show that authentic leadership has a positive and consistent influence on employee engagement across various sectors and countries. This influence is mediated by trust in the leader, organizational identification and pride, and proactive personality. Additionally, contextual factors such as workplace well-being, organizational justice, and person–job fit are proven to strengthen this relationship. For Generation Z, this approach is highly relevant as it aligns with their values of authenticity, openness, meaningful work, and mental well-being.
NILAI DAN ETIKA GENERASI Z SEBAGAI DIGITAL NATIVES DI ERA KERJA DIGITAL: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Generation Z, as digital natives who have grown up in a fully digital environment, faces a gap between ideal expectations regarding technological proficiency and the reality of ethical understanding and work values in the digital era. This study aims to systematically examine the characteristics of work values, professional ethical attitudes, and factors influencing the formation of Generation Z's values and ethics in the context of digital work. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the PRISMA protocol, searching for articles in the Google Scholar database from 2021 to 2026. Out of 114 initial articles, only 5 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The review findings indicate that Generation Z's work values are not globally homogeneous but are influenced by national cultural contexts. Generation Z has a strong affinity with technology and prioritizes access to modern digital tools and automation, yet shows diverse preferences regarding work flexibility. Another key finding is that digital competence alone is insufficient to improve performance without being balanced by a strong work ethic; work ethics act as a mediator between digital competence and performance, as well as influencing work motivation and job satisfaction. This study concludes that optimizing Generation Z's potential in the digital work era requires the simultaneous integration of strengthening digital competence and fostering professional ethical values.
DINAMIKA TIM KERJA DALAM MENGHADAPI DISRUPSI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW (SLR)
This study examines the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on team dynamics in organizational settings, particularly in communication, collaboration, and trust. The rapid development of AI has transformed work systems, yet its influence on team interaction remains underexplored. This research aims to analyze how AI implementation affects team dynamics using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach guided by the PRISMA framework. The research instruments include inclusion–exclusion criteria and thematic synthesis, with 19 peer-reviewed journal articles (2021–2025) from Scopus and Google Scholar as the research subjects. The findings reveal that AI enhances team performance through improved efficiency, faster data processing, and data-driven decision-making, while also supporting more structured communication and collaboration. However, challenges such as miscommunication and limitations in understanding socio-emotional context persist. Trust is identified as a key factor influencing effective human–AI collaboration. In conclusion, the success of AI integration depends not only on technological capability but also on human, psychological, and organizational factors.
MAKNA PANGGILAN NABI: TAFSIR TEOLOGIS TENTANG TANGGUNG JAWAB PELAYANAN YEREMIA 1:4-10
This study examines the theological meaning of the prophetic calling in Jeremiah 1:4–10 and its implications for the responsibility of ministry in the contemporary church. Using a qualitative approach through exegetical and theological analysis, this research explores the relationship between divine initiative and human response in the calling of Jeremiah. The findings reveal that prophetic calling originates entirely from God’s sovereignty, established even before human existence, and is not based on human ability or readiness. Human responses, often marked by fear and limitations, are understood as part of the spiritual formation process that leads to dependence on God. Furthermore, God not only calls but also affirms, accompanies, and equips His servants, particularly through the granting of His word as the ultimate source of authority in ministry. The study also highlights that the prophetic mandate encompasses both judgment and restoration, reflecting the balance between God’s justice and love. In relevance to the contemporary church, this pattern of calling provides a theological framework for authentic ministry that is rooted in divine calling, centered on God’s word, and carried out with moral and spiritual responsibility. This research contributes to bridging the gap between biblical texts and modern ecclesial practice, offering a transformative understanding of ministry that resists pragmatic and self-centered tendencies.
ANALISIS HISTORIS KRITIS TERHADAP KEINGINAN DAN DOA MUSA ATAS TANAH PERJANJIAN (ULANGAN 3:23-29)
This study examines, through a historical-critical approach, Moses’ desire and prayer regarding the Promised Land in Deuteronomy 3:23–29. It is grounded in the significance of the Promised Land concept within Old Testament theology and the theological problem arising from God’s rejection of Moses’ request. The aim of this research is to understand the theological, historical, and narrative meanings of Moses’ prayer and its implications within the framework of Deuteronomistic theology. This study employs a qualitative approach through library research (exegesis), integrating historical-critical, narrative, and theological analyses of the Hebrew Bible text and relevant scholarly literature. The findings indicate that this pericope has a dialogical structure presenting Moses’ petition, God’s firm rejection, and the affirmation of leadership transition to Joshua. Moses’ prayer reflects an intimate relationship with God while also expressing a deeply personal human longing. However, God’s rejection underscores divine sovereignty that cannot be negotiated, even by a great leader. A key finding of this study is the tension between human will and divine sovereignty, as well as the understanding of the Promised Land as a theological symbol that is collective and transgenerational. Furthermore, this study affirms that prayer does not always result in fulfillment but serves as a means of relational faith with God. In conclusion, Deuteronomy 3:23–29 not only reflects a historical event but also contains profound theological reflections on obedience, leadership, and the fulfillment of God’s promises. This study contributes to enriching Old Testament theological studies through an integrative and holistic approach.
PENEBUSAN YANG HIDUP: ANALISIS TEOLOGI AYUB 19:25 DALAM KERANGKA TEODISI PENDERITAAN ORANG BENAR
This study focuses on examining the theological meaning of Job 19:25, “I know that my Redeemer lives,” within the framework of theodicy concerning the suffering of the righteous, highlighting the concept of go’el as the living Redeemer, the dynamics of Job’s faith amid unexplained suffering, and its implications for contemporary theology and pastoral ministry. This research employs a qualitative approach through a literature study (exegesis), integrating historical-critical analysis, discourse analysis, and thematic analysis of the biblical text along with relevant theological sources. The findings indicate that the concept of go’el in Job 19:25 is not limited to legal and social dimensions but develops into a confession of faith in a living God who is present and actively acts as the defender of the righteous. Job’s experience demonstrates that faith is not always grounded in rational explanations of suffering, but rather in a sustained relationship with God amid uncertainty. Furthermore, this study critiques retributive theology that directly links suffering with sin and emphasizes that theodicy in the Book of Job is more concerned with the question of “who” God is rather than “why” suffering occurs. Therefore, this research contributes theologically by shifting the understanding of theodicy from a causal approach to a relational one, while offering a contextual and relevant framework for the church in accompanying the suffering of the righteous.