INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) Published once a month every year and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specializing in field research and literary reviews related to social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. The aim is to offer the reader a better understanding of Humanities and Social Sciences and to present progress through the publication of articles and research reports, which include field studies and literature reviews. This journal invites scholars and experts working in all disciplines. The article must be original, based on field research and literature, never previously published, and not being considered to be published in other journals. All papers submitted will be reviewed by the Editor, the editorial board, and the blind reviewer. Submissions that violate the format or length guidelines will be rejected without review. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) is a journal that deals with social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. Education covers all kinds of fields of education, in the sphere of family, school, and even higher education. The field of education is not confined to either general education or special education, as is the case with the social sphere. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) index by:
THE LEGAL IMPACT OF PALM OIL PLANTATIONS ON MARGINALISED COMMUNITIES: EFFECTS ON LAND ACCESS, INVOLVEMENT IN THE ECONOMIC VALUE CHAIN, AND STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELFARE
This study analyses the legal impact of oil palm plantations on marginalised communities in Indonesia, focusing on the effects on land access, involvement in the economic value chain, and strategies for improving socio-economic welfare. Using a qualitative legal-empirical approach, the study found that regulations such as Law No. 39/2014 on Plantations and Law No. 5/1960 on Basic Agrarian Principles failed to protect the customary rights of indigenous peoples due to the prioritisation of HGU (right to cultivate) that ignored FPIC (free, prior and informed consent), causing massive agrarian conflicts and economic marginalisation where communities only capture 10-20% of the value of the supply chain as primary labourers. The proposed reform strategies include strengthening 50:50 plasma partnerships, agroforestry diversification, women's empowerment through CSR, and market digitalisation to increase income by up to 40%, in line with Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 and the ISPO 2030 target.
plasma-inti (smallholder-largeholder partnership)
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HOSPITAL LAW: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF OPERATIONAL ASPECTS, MANAGEMENT, AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF HOSPITALS IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTH SERVICES AND LEGAL PROTECTION FOR MEDICAL PERSONNEL
Hospital law in Indonesia comprehensively regulates the operational, managerial, and legal responsibilities of institutions in healthcare services, as stipulated in Law-Law Number 44 of 2009 concerning Hospitals, which emphasises the obligations of good hospital governance, quality control, risk management, and joint liability for systemic negligence such as medical record failures, emergency response, and nosocomial infection control. This study uses a normative juridical approach to analyse the primary responsibility of hospitals based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code and Supreme Court decisions, which indicate that institutions are responsible for managerial defects even when medical personnel are involved, thus requiring the integration of strict SOPs and risk committees to balance accountability with operational efficiency. In parallel, the legal protection of medical personnel is guaranteed through Law-Law Number 29 of 2004 concerning Medical Practice and the principle of error in judicio, with the role of hospitals in supporting vicarious liability, informed consent, and Good Samaritan immunity, despite challenges such as criminal litigation based on Article 351 of the Criminal Code and SLAPP suits demanding reforms such as a national risk guarantee fund to maintain professionalism without sacrificing patient rights. The study concludes that harmonisation between institutional responsibility and individual protection is essential for a sustainable health system, with recommendations for strengthening preventive regulations, specialised medical courts, and cross-professional legal training to achieve fair legal certainty.
HOSPITAL LAW IN INDONESIA: OPERATIONAL REGULATIONS, MANAGEMENT, AND LEGAL OBLIGATIONS OF HOSPITALS IN ENSURING LEGAL CERTAINTY AND PATIENT PROTECTION BASED ON LAW NUMBER 44 OF 2009
This study analyses the operational arrangements, management, and legal obligations of hospitals in Indonesia based on Law No. 44 of 2009 to ensure legal certainty and patient protection, using a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical review of Articles 4-28 on operations (classification, licensing, facilities, human resources) and Articles 29-46 on management (organisational structure, informed consent, vicarious liability, sanctions), which reveals the strength of regulations in creating comprehensive standards despite implementation gaps such as regional disparities and a lack of digital adaptation. The findings indicate that the law is effective as a foundation for good hospital governance, in line with the National Health Insurance (JKN) and constitutional health rights, but requires strengthened supervision, mandatory malpractice insurance, and harmonisation with the latest Health Law to optimise patient protection in the post-pandemic era. Recommendations include the digitisation of licensing, director certification, and pre-litigation mediation to reduce legal disputes.
HEALTH FACILITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW APPROACH TO INFRASTRUCTURE AND MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MODERN HEALTH SERVICES
Health facility and infrastructure management in Indonesia, with a focus on managing infrastructure (backup power systems, HVAC, clean water, hazardous waste) and medical equipment (ventilators, ultrasound machines, defibrillators) to achieve operational efficiency of up to 25% and the sustainability of modern services, using the PRISMA approach on the Garuda, Sinta, Neliti, and Scopus databases for the period 2019-2025, based on PMK Regulation No. 43/2019 IPSRS and MFK Regulation No. 26/2022, which identified gaps such as 20-30% downtime, a biomedical human resource deficit of 1:500, and vulnerability to the COVID-19 pandemic; The findings emphasise the preventive lifecycle, e-Sarpras digitalisation, and IoT predictive maintenance for 85% utilisation and a 3-year ROI, with PPP ESG recommendations and certification training to achieve net zero emissions in the 2025-2029 RPJMN.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE GUIDELINES AND SIGNIFICANT CORPORATE ACTIVITIES OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES: OPTIMISING RESTRUCTURING, STATE CAPITAL INCREASES, AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AS PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY AND COMPETITIVENESS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY ERA
This study analyses the role of SOE governance guidelines in optimising significant corporate activities, namely restructuring, state capital injections (PMN), and business development, as key pillars of sustainability and competitiveness in the global economy. Through a descriptive-comparative literature review approach, the study explores two main discussions: the optimisation of governance in restructuring and PMN for structural efficiency and fiscal accountability, and ESG-based business development for innovation and global expansion. The results show that holistic governance guidelines—integrating transparency, accountability, and continuous evaluation—can overcome the challenges of political intervention and capability gaps, thereby improving the financial performance of SOEs and their contribution to national development. Recommendations include reforming digital governance regulations and strengthening the independence of the board of commissioners to realise the vision of Indonesia Emas 2045.
GUIDELINES FOR SIGNIFICANT CORPORATE ACTIVITIES OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES: MANAGEMENT OF ADDITIONAL STATE CAPITAL, RESTRUCTURING, AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES TO ENSURE THE SUSTAINABILITY AND GROWTH OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES
This study analyses the effectiveness of the Guidelines for Significant Corporate Activities of State-Owned Enterprises in integrating the management of Additional State Capital (PMN), organisational restructuring, and business development strategies to ensure the sustainability and growth of State-Owned Enterprises. Using a qualitative literature review approach with content analysis of the latest regulations (Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Regulations PER-01/MBU/07/2024, PER-02/MBU/03/2023, PER-03/MBU/12/2023) and over 90 national and international academic references, the study found that the synergy of these three elements successfully increased the average ROE by 12-15%, EBITDA margin by 15%, and ESG scoring to 70/100 in strategic holdings such as MIND ID, Bio Farma, and Telkom Group. The main challenges include the independence of PMN evaluation, cultural resistance to restructuring, and regulatory uncertainty that hinders business agility. Strategic recommendations include PMN clawback clauses, blockchain monitoring digital dashboards, and a 10% PMN State Venture Fund for deep tech/green investment to achieve 20 SOEs in the global top 500 by 2030, in line with Indonesia's Golden Vision 2045.
ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LOCAL PALM OIL PLANTATION LAWS ON THE WELFARE OF UNDERPRIVILEGED COMMUNITIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON LAND ACCESS, RESOURCE UTILISATION, AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN THE PALM OIL SECTOR
This study analyses the social and economic impacts of local oil palm plantation laws on the welfare of disadvantaged communities through a literature review approach that integrates agrarian, political economy, and inclusive development perspectives. The main focus is on two dimensions: (1) land access and natural resource utilisation, where regional regulations such as spatial planning regulations and land use rights (HGU) tend to prioritise corporations, causing agrarian conflicts, marginalisation of customary land, and degradation of water and non-timber forests; and (2) economic opportunities and social welfare, including plasma-inti partnerships, CSR, and profit-sharing funds whose distribution is uneven due to local elite corruption and weak oversight. A synthesis of literature from journals, regulations, and NGO reports reveals patterns of structural inequality, in which disadvantaged communities are trapped as vulnerable labourers without long-term autonomy, even though the palm oil sector contributes significantly to the regional GDP. The conclusion emphasises the urgency of local legal reform based on participation, transparency, and distributive justice to transform palm oil into a driver of sustainable welfare.
INNOVATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM DESIGN: EFFECTIVE STRATEGY DESIGN AND UTILISATION OF LEARNING RESOURCES TO IMPROVE EDUCATION QUALITY FROM A LITERATURE REVIEW PERSPECTIVE
This study aims to analyse the concepts and practices of innovative learning system design through a literature review of various publications discussing effective strategies and the utilisation of learning resources to improve the quality of education. In facing the challenges of the 21st-century education revolution, learning systems are required to be more adaptive, collaborative, and oriented towards developing the competencies of learners. This study emphasises that the design of innovative learning strategies is not only related to the use of technology, but also includes a transformation of the pedagogical paradigm that places learners at the centre of the learning process. Effective learning strategies involve active interaction, project-based approaches, and the application of instructional design models such as ADDIE and TPACK that integrate pedagogical aspects with technology. Furthermore, the results of the literature review show that the use of learning resources — both conventional and digital — plays a significant role in creating meaningful and inclusive learning. The integration of digital learning resources, the use of Open Educational Resources (OER), and the development of students' digital literacy strengthen access to and equitable quality of education. In this context, the collaboration between learning strategies and learning resources is an important foundation in building an education ecosystem that is oriented towards competence, creativity, and sustainability. This study concludes that the success of an innovative learning system depends on the ability of educators to design adaptive strategies and manage learning resources effectively according to the needs of learners and institutional conditions.
This research aims to examine the history of Wahbah al-Zuhayli's thought as one of the great contemporary scholars who contributed significantly to the development of modern Islamic law. The focus of the study is directed at the educational background, intellectual development, main works, and methodological character of his thinking in the field of fiqh, fiqh proposals, and moderation of Islamic law. This research uses a qualitative method with a type of library research and a historical-philosophical approach to trace the dynamics of al-Zuhayli's thought in the historical and social context of his time. Data were obtained from Wahbah al-Zuhayli's primary works as well as relevant secondary literature, then analyzed descriptive-analytically. The results of the study show that Wahbah al-Zuhayli's thought is rooted in the classical fiqh tradition but is developed contextually through the approach of moderation (wasathiyah), maqasid al-shariah, and comparative fiqh. This approach makes him able to bridge the gap between the nash shar'i and modern social reality without being trapped in sectarian fanaticism or legal liberalism. The findings of this study confirm that Wahbah al-Zuhayli's contribution is not only important in the academic realm, but also has major implications for strengthening religious moderation, the development of contemporary fiqh, and the application of Islamic law that is adaptive and oriented to the benefit of the ummah, including in the context of Islam in Indonesia.
USE OF MOBILE-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (MALL) THROUGH THE HELLOTALK APPLICATION IN IMPROVING SPEAKING SKILLS: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
The rapid development of mobile technology has encouraged with Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) in language education, particularly for improving speaking skills. This systematic literature review aims to analyze how the HelloTalk app is used to improve learners' speaking skills and identify its educational potential in a MALL environment. The method used is a qualitative systematic review, in which empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025 were collected from several academic databases and selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Various databases, such as Mendeley, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ERIC, and Google Scholar. The results indicate that HelloTalk helps establish authentic communication, increases learners' speaking confidence, and provides meaningful interactions with native or experienced speakers through features such as voice messages, audio calls, and immediate feedback. Several studies have also found that using HelloTalk increases learners' motivation and reduces fear of speaking, especially in collaborative communication. In conclusion, the use of HelloTalk in MALL has highly beneficial outcomes for the development of speaking skills. This study suggests that educators should consider integrating mobile-based social interaction platforms into language learning, as They provide opportunities for students to continually practice speaking in real-life ways outside of the classroom environment.
UNDERSTANDING CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN FAMILY FIRMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ANTECEDENTS, MECHANISMS, AND LONG-TERM IMPACT
This study aims to deepen the understanding of Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) within family firms by systematically reviewing its antecedents, mechanisms, and long term impacts. Family firms possess unique characteristics shaped by family values, identity, governance patterns, and intergenerational goals, which create a distinctive context for the emergence and development of CE. However, existing research remains fragmented, making it difficult to fully capture how CE functions within these organizations. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study analyzes selected primary studies published between 2006 and 2025 to synthesize evidence on how family related factors influence CE, through what mechanisms entrepreneurial intentions are transformed into innovative actions, and how CE contributes to long term sustainability. The findings show that CE in family firms is driven by family values, identity configurations, socioemotional goals, successor competencies, and stewardship oriented governance. CE operates through cognitive, behavioral, relational, and structural mechanisms that translate entrepreneurial intentions into innovation, strategic renewal, and new venture creation. Furthermore, CE strengthens innovation capability, enhances adaptability, and supports transgenerational continuity. This study contributes to family business literature by integrating diverse insights into a comprehensive conceptual understanding of CE in family firms and offers implications for theory and managerial practice.
THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF EMPLOYEE TRAINING IN ENHANCING FRONT-OFFICE JOB PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A BANKING INSTITUTION
Employee training is widely recognized as a strategic human resource development (HRD) intervention that enhances job competence and organizational performance. This study investigates the effect of training on the job performance of front-office employees at BRI Branch Batusangkar, Indonesia. Using a quantitative method, primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using regression analysis. The results reveal that training has a significant positive impact on employee performance (β = 0.793, t = 6.992, p < 0.001). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.556) indicates that training explains 55.60% of the variance in employee performance. These findings support the Human Capital Theory and Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) framework, suggesting that well-designed training enhances employees' ability and service quality. The study provides theoretical insights and practical recommendations for optimizing HRD strategies in the banking industry.
TOWARD AN INNOVATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM: REVIEWING STRATEGIES AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION TO STRENGTHEN EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
This study aims to examine innovative learning strategies and optimization of educational resources as an effort to strengthen learning outcomes in the modern education system. Using a qualitative approach based on systematic literature studies, this study synthesizes findings from various international journals that discuss pedagogical innovation, digital technology integration, and the use of learning resources. The results of the study show that strategies such as active learning, project-based learning, blended learning, and inquiry-based learning contribute significantly to increasing student engagement and achievement. Digital technology is emerging as a key enabler that enables personalization of learning, wider content access, and data-driven monitoring. However, the implementation of innovative learning systems faces a number of challenges, including the digital divide, limited competencies of educators, lack of policy support, and a school culture that is not ready to accept change. This research confirms the need for a systemic approach that integrates pedagogy, technology, education management, and policy to create innovative learning systems that are adaptive, effective, and sustainable.
THE ROLE OF BUSINESS IN FULFILLING CHILDREN’S RIGHTS AND PREVENTING THE MISUSE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHIDREN
Children are the next generation of the nation who will continue their struggles and ideals, so they must always be given attention and supervision and, most importantly, their rights are protected. Child protection is an effort to ensure continuity in ensuring the continuity of children's rights to live, grow, develop and participate optimally in accordance with human dignity, as well as receive protection from violence and discrimination. The business world can play a role in providing full protection and responsibility for respecting children's rights regarding their human rights by paying attention to the code of ethics for child protection and decent work, emergency situations and the best interests of children and can prevent acts of sexual exploitation of children, including criminal acts of pornography and human trafficking (extra ordinary crimes). In this way, the business world and financial providing institutions must always coordinate and cooperate in monitoring transactions carried out for human trafficking, and one form of preventing sexual exploitation of children is by building a high sense of legal awareness among the parties involved so that this does not happen. actions that are detrimental to children's human rights.
THE ROLE OF PANCASILA EDUCATION IN SHAPING STUDENT CHARACTER IN THE DIGITAL AGE
The digital era has brought significant changes in the mindset, behaviour, and social interactions of students. In this context, Pancasila education has a strategic role as an instrument for character building based on national values, morality, and social responsibility. This study aims to analyse the role of Pancasila education in shaping student character in the digital era, which is characterised by a massive flow of information and the influence of globalised values. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through literature study and observation of the implementation of Pancasila education in higher education. The results show that Pancasila education plays an important role in instilling the values of integrity, mutual cooperation, tolerance, and nationalism in students. These values form the foundation for shaping an ethical, critical, and community-oriented digital character. However, the main challenges faced are the low interest of students in Pancasila courses and the dominance of digital media, which often contradicts Pancasila values. Therefore, innovation is needed in interactive and contextual technology-based learning methods so that Pancasila education remains relevant in shaping student character in the digital era.
THE ROLE OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS IN PROTECTING COMMUNITY RIGHTS AMID PALM OIL PLANTATION GROWTH
This study analyzes the role of legal institutions in protecting the rights of local communities amid the massive growth of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Using a qualitative socio-legal approach, the research was conducted through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies in areas with high intensity of agrarian conflicts. The results show that although national legal frameworks have regulated the recognition of land rights, public consultation, and dispute resolution mechanisms, their implementation is still far from effective. The weakness of the capacity of institutions such as BPN, local governments, and law enforcement officials causes the licensing process to be not transparent, land verification is slow, and dispute resolution does not provide substantive protection for the community. Non-state mechanisms such as the RSPO and ISPO have also not been able to be effective alternatives due to limited access, community advocacy capacity, and a more administrative focus on social justice. This study concludes that the main problem lies not in the absence of regulations, but in the weak institutional function in running, supervising, and enforcing the law. These findings contribute to the natural resource governance literature by emphasizing the importance of institutional reform, capacity building for dispute resolution, and expanding access to legal aid for affected communities as a step towards fairer and more sustainable palm oil governance
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REGIONAL SECRETARIAT'S FUNCTIONS IN THE FORMULATION OF THE FREE NUTRITIOUS MEALS PROGRAM POLICY IN KUBU RAYA REGENCY
This study aims to analyse the implementation of the duties and functions of the Regional Secretariat in formulating the Free Nutritious Meal Programme policy in Kubu Raya District. The Free Nutritious Meals Programme is a strategic policy of the Kubu Raya District Government in an effort to improve nutritional quality and support the continuity of education for primary and secondary school students, as well as reduce stunting. The Regional Secretariat of Kubu Raya District, as the head of the Free Nutritious Meals Programme task force, has strategic duties and functions in planning, organising, mobilising and controlling the Free Nutritious Meals Programme in Kubu Raya District. Researchers used the POAC (Planning, Organising, Actuating, Controlling) management theory as an analytical tool. The research method used was descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation of informants consisting of Regional Secretariat officials, relevant regional apparatus, and programme supporters. This study concludes that the implementation of the Regional Secretariat's duties in formulating the Free Nutritious Meals Programme policy in Kubu Raya Regency has been carried out in accordance with the principles of POAC management. However, there is still a need to strengthen coordination with regional work units (SKPD) and third parties, namely the Nutrition Fulfilment Service Unit (SPPG), supervision, and capacity building for officials so that the policy can be implemented more effectively and sustainably.
BEYOND WORDS: EXPLORING LANGUAGE EXCHANGE AND CULTURAL CONNECTION AT SPEAK DATING 2024 IN ZHUTIAN
Today, as the world becomes more connected, language exchange plays an important role in helping people from different cultures understand each other and build meaningful relationships. This study looked at Speak Dating 2024, an event held in Zhutian, Taiwan, and organized by Polyglot.tw and the Taimei Foundation. The event encouraged real-life use of multiple languages, supported translanguaging and promoted cultural interaction among more than 30 table leaders from various language backgrounds. A qualitative case study approach was used, with the researcher participating both as an observer and as one of the language table leaders. Data collection involved participant observation, combining field notes, direct interactions, and analysis of event materials while the researcher also served as a table leader. Language learning and cultural connection were supported through the inclusive and relaxed environment. Participants conducted multilingual interaction, overcame linguistic challenges with creativity as well as respect for each other’s language, established cross-cultural relationships through common narration, laughter, as well as non-verbal cues. Multilingual table leaders in attendance, food-themed interactions, as well as unplanned cultural performances contributed towards enhanced experience as well as cultural consciousness. However, limitations such as interaction duration per activity, environmental noise, as well as periodic language anxiety were established as well. The research concludes that non-formal language exchange activities such as Speak Dating can be instrumental in supporting global citizenship based on linguistic curiosity, cultural humility, as well as interpersonal connection. Inferences made have pedagogical applications for language instructors as well as event facilitators designing inclusive, participatory environments for language learning as well as intercultural interaction.
THE ROLE OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN CONNECTING DEVICES IN SMART HOMES: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON INTEGRATION, EFFICIENCY, AND SECURITY
The development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has opened up enormous opportunities for interconnecting various devices in smart homes, creating an integrated and efficient ecosystem. This study conducted a literature review to understand the role of IoT in connecting smart home devices, focusing on two main aspects: device integration and efficiency, and system security. The literature analysis shows that the integration of IoT devices enables centralised control and system automation, which improves comfort and energy efficiency. However, security challenges are a major concern due to the potential risks of hacking and privacy violations that could endanger residents. Therefore, the implementation of layered security methods is essential to ensure the protection of data and IoT device systems. In conclusion, IoT plays a significant role in creating smart homes that are not only intelligent and energy-efficient but also safe to use.
EXTENDED LAND RIGHTS GOVERNANCE AND SUPERVISION: A LITERATURE REVIEW TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LAND USE AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES
This study aims to examine the governance and supervision of extended land rights in the context of sustainable land use and the protection of the rights of surrounding communities. Through a literature review, this study analyses the regulations, administrative mechanisms, and supervisory practices applied in Indonesia regarding the extension of land rights, particularly Building Use Rights (HGB) and Cultivation Use Rights (HGU). This study highlights challenges such as legal uncertainty, administrative barriers, and lack of community participation, which have the potential to trigger conflicts and hinder sustainable land use. Furthermore, this study integrates environmental and social sustainability principles into the management of land rights extension, with a focus on protecting the rights of surrounding communities, particularly indigenous peoples and local communities with traditional tenure rights. Effective monitoring, involving technology and active community participation, is key to achieving fair, productive, and sustainable land use. This study provides policy recommendations based on the principles of good governance to promote transparent, accountable, and inclusive governance. The results of this study are expected to serve as a basis for stakeholders in formulating policies and practices for land tenure extension that not only guarantee legal certainty but also support sustainable development and social protection. Thus, this study contributes to strengthening a land tenure system that is responsive to current and future needs.
WRITTEN LAW IN THE LEGISLATION SYSTEM: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT, FUNCTION, AND ROLE IN ENSURING LEGAL CERTAINTY
This study aims to comprehensively examine the concept, function, and role of written law in the Indonesian legal system, particularly in ensuring legal certainty. Using a literature review method and a qualitative-descriptive approach, this study explores various sources of literature, ranging from legal doctrine, legislation, to previous research results. The results of the study show that written law has regulatory, instrumental, and legitimising functions, as well as a strategic role as a main pillar in a state based on the rule of law that guarantees legal certainty for all citizens. However, challenges such as overlapping regulations, unclear formulation of norms, and weak harmonisation of regulations remain obstacles to optimising the role of written law. Therefore, efforts to improve the drafting, harmonisation, dissemination, and enforcement of written law are crucial to strengthening the guarantee of legal certainty in Indonesia.
CASE LAW AS A PILLAR OF AN ADAPTIVE, TRANSPARENT, AND EFFECTIVE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF JUDICIAL DISCOVERY, DIGITALISATION OF JUDGMENTS, AND INTER-CASE CONSISTENCY
This study discusses the role of jurisprudence as a fundamental pillar in building an adaptive, transparent, and effective legal system in Indonesia. Using a normative legal research method based on literature review, this study examines how judicial discovery functions as a mechanism for legal adaptation to social dynamics and substantive justice needs that are not always fulfilled by written regulations. In addition, this study explores the role of court decision digitisation in improving openness and access to information, which triggers accountability and public trust in judicial institutions. Consistency between cases is also analysed as an important element in upholding legal certainty and the effectiveness of the judicial system. The findings show that the synergy between judicial discovery, the digitisation of decisions, and consistency between cases can strengthen the existence of jurisprudence as a key pillar of Indonesia's modern legal system, which is responsive and reliable. The contribution of this research lies in strengthening the theoretical and practical foundations for the development of a more adaptive, open, and effective national legal system.
THE DYNAMICS OF DRAFTING AND REVISING LEGISLATION IN INDONESIA: RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES THROUGH A PARTICIPATORY AND CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH – A LITERATURE REVIEW
This study discusses the dynamics of drafting and revising legislation in Indonesia, emphasising the importance of regulations that are responsive to social, economic, and technological changes. Through a literature review, this study shows that non-adaptive regulations often lag behind the realities of society, creating a gap between legal norms and public needs. On the other hand, accelerated legislation without in-depth review can lead to controversy and public resistance, as seen in various cases of important law formation in Indonesia over the past two decades. This study emphasises that responsive regulations do not only depend on temporal aspects, namely the speed of responding to change, but also substantive aspects, namely the compatibility between the content of the law and public interests, principles of justice, and global developments. A participatory approach provides space for the public to be involved in every stage of legislation, while constitutional principles ensure that legislation is in line with the basic values of the 1945 Constitution, upholding the protection of human rights, legal certainty, and social justice. The results of the study confirm that the success of legislation in Indonesia is determined by the ability to integrate regulatory responsiveness with substantive public participation and respect for constitutionalism. With a legislative model that is increasingly open, inclusive, and adaptive, it is hoped that Indonesia will be able to build a legal system that is relevant, legitimate, and capable of facing the challenges of globalisation and technological transformation without sacrificing democratic stability.
HARMONISATION AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF AGREEMENTS IN INDONESIA: STRENGTHENING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, GLOBAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, AND DIGITAL ADAPTATION IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SYNCHRONISATION – A LITERATURE REVIEW
This study examines the harmonisation and challenges faced by treaty law in Indonesia in two main areas, namely environmental protection and global resource management, as well as the adaptation of treaty law in the digital era. Using a systematic literature review method, this study analyses various national and international legal instruments that play a role in synergising Indonesian legal regulations with global standards. The results of the study show that there are gaps in implementation and regulation that have resulted in suboptimal environmental protection and resource management, as well as digital law adaptation still facing regulatory and law enforcement obstacles. The study recommends the need for responsive regulatory revisions, institutional strengthening, and active legal diplomacy to ensure effective synchronisation of national and international laws for the sake of sustainable development and Indonesia's legal competitiveness in the global arena.
synchronisation of national and international laws
EXPLORING THE CONVERGENCE OF IOT AND SMART HOME TECHNOLOGIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF INTEGRATION AND INNOVATION PATHWAYS
This study aims to explore the convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) and smart home technologies through a systematic literature review. The main objective is to identify key integration frameworks, interoperability challenges, security and privacy issues, and emerging innovation pathways that shape the evolution of IoT-based smart home ecosystems. Design/Methodology/Approach – A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach was employed following the PRISMA protocol. Academic publications indexed in Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect from 2013 to 2024 were systematically screened. Inclusion criteria focused on studies addressing IoT-smart home integration, interoperability, efficiency, security, and innovation. Data were analyzed qualitatively using thematic content analysis to extract major research themes and identify research gaps. Findings –The review identifies four dominant research themes: (1) Architectural integration leveraging sensing, networking, and application layers with cloud and edge computing; (2) Interoperability challenges due to fragmented platforms and lack of global standards; (3) Security and privacy concerns involving data breaches, unauthorized access, and system vulnerabilities; and (4) Technological innovation driven by Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), blockchain, and 5G technologies. Despite significant progress, the literature highlights the need for adaptive integration frameworks, AI-based security mechanisms, and empirical evaluation of hybrid IoT–AI–Blockchain systems. Originality/Value – This study provides a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in IoT-smart home research, mapping existing frameworks and identifying unresolved issues. It contributes to the body of knowledge by offering a conceptual foundation for future interdisciplinary research, practical implementation strategies, and policy development for secure, efficient, and user-centric smart home ecosystems.
HOSPITAL SERVICE ETHICS AND CULTURE: PATIENT AND EMPLOYEE SAFETY PROTECTION BASED ON THE CODE OF ETHICS, CULTURAL VALUES, AND HEALTH LAWS – LITERATURE REVIEW
This study aims to examine the role of hospital service ethics and culture in protecting patient and employee safety based on professional codes of ethics, organisational cultural values, and applicable health regulations. Using a Systematic Literature Review approach, this study examines various national and international literature from the last ten years related to patient safety, safety culture, and health worker protection. The results of the study show that patient safety is greatly influenced by the application of professional ethical principles, particularly in respecting patient rights, implementing informed consent, and organisational culture that encourages transparency, communication, and incident reporting. On the other hand, the protection of hospital employees is closely related to a healthy organisational culture, ethical leadership, and the implementation of labour and occupational health regulations to ensure physical and psychological safety. The integration of ethics, culture, and law was found to be the main strategy capable of bridging the gap between theory and practice in the field. This study emphasises that strengthening hospital management's commitment to the code of ethics, internalising a culture of safety, and complying with health laws are the foundations for creating a safe, fair, and sustainable service environment for both patients and employees.
INDONESIA LAW REPORT (ILR) AS A PLATFORM FOR PUBLISHING SUPREME COURT JURISPRUDENCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF ITS ROLE IN COLLECTING, SELECTING, AND PUBLISHING NEW LEGAL FINDINGS RELEVANT TO THE NEEDS OF TODAY'S SOCIETY
The Indonesia Law Report (ILR) is the Supreme Court's official platform that functions as a medium for collecting, selecting, and publishing jurisprudential decisions that contain new and important legal discoveries. This study uses a literature review method to examine the role of the ILR in developing a systematic storage of jurisprudence, gathering strategic decisions, and disseminating legal information relevant to the needs of today's society. The results of the study show that ILR contributes greatly to improving accessibility, transparency, and legal education for legal practitioners, academics, and the general public. With regular publications and digital presentation, ILR facilitates the adjustment of law to social dynamics and technological developments in an effective and responsive manner. The existence of ILR strengthens the quality and accountability of the judicial process and supports sustainable legal reform in Indonesia.
PATIENT SAFETY CULTURE IN HOSPITALS: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFETY STANDARDS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND LEGAL PROTECTION FOR PATIENTS AND MEDICAL PERSONNEL
Patient safety culture in hospitals is a very important aspect in ensuring the quality and safety of health services. This study is a literature review that aims to analyse the implementation of patient safety standards, the responsibilities of hospitals and medical personnel, and legal protection for patients and medical personnel. Data was obtained through a review of literature from scientific journals, books, and relevant laws and regulations. The results of the study show that the implementation of safety standards such as patient identification, effective communication, safe use of medicines, infection prevention, and fall risk management still faces various obstacles, including organisational culture and resource constraints. In addition, legal responsibility for hospitals and medical personnel is crucial in maintaining fairness and professionalism, while adequate legal protection is a prerequisite for creating a safe working environment and supporting incident reporting. This study emphasises that the synergy between the implementation of standards, legal responsibility, and legal protection is the main foundation for building a sustainable patient safety culture. These findings can be used as a basis for further policy development and empirical research in the context of healthcare in Indonesia and other countries.
THE ROLE OF SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF WOMEN IN NIGERIA
For many women in Nigeria, spirituality and religion are part of daily life and well-being. They bring comfort, ease stress, and encourage healthy living. In places where healthcare is not readily available, faith often fills the gap—making it a powerful source of support for both mind and body. This study was therefore framed within the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Pargament's Theory of Religious Coping to explored the role of spirituality and religion in the psychological and physical health of women in Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was used, and data were gathered through a self-developed online questionnaire that focused on four key areas: spirituality, religious involvement, psychological health, and physical health. The instrument was reviewed and validated by three experts in Educational Psychology, Guidance and Counselling, and Measurement and Evaluation to ensure its clarity and relevance. Its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha, with a reliability coefficient of 0.77, 0.81, 0.92 and 0.88 respectively for spirituality, religious involvement, psychological health, and physical health clusters, indicating a high level of internal consistency. The questionnaire was distributed over a two-week period through women-focused social media groups, and a total of 400 completed responses were received. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The findings showed that out of 400 women, most were single (47.3%), married (27.0%), widowed (20.3%), or divorced (5.5%). The mean scores for spirituality (3.17), religious involvement (3.19), psychological health (3.02), and physical health (3.08) were high. Strong positive correlations were found between all variables, especially between religious involvement and physical health (r = 0.822). ANOVA results confirmed that spirituality significantly predicts psychological (F = 122.28) and physical health (F = 316.46), while including religious involvement further strengthened these effects (F = 139.38, 877.78). Regression models showed that both spirituality and religious involvement positively influence women's health outcomes, with religious involvement having a stronger impact on physical health. Based on these results, the study recommended that health and wellness programs aimed at women in Nigeria should take spiritual and religious factors into account, especially within culturally sensitive frameworks.
ASAH, ASIH, ASUH AS A PARENTING FRAMEWORK: DEVELOPMENT OF APSYCHOLOGICAL INSTRUMENT
This study developed and validated a parenting instrument based on the Indonesian cultural framework of Asah, Asih, Asuh, originally articulated by Ki Hajar Dewantara, as an alternative to Western-derived measures. The theoretical foundation integrates the paradigm shift from behaviorism to attachment theory, typologies of parenting styles, and the need for balanced cognitive stimulation, emotional affection, and physical care. A quantitative approach using PLS-SEM (SmartPLS) was conducted with 415 participants aged 7–25 years. The initial item pool was derived from three dimensions, Asah (learning stimulation and values), Asih (emotional affection and attachment), and Asuh (physical provision and protection) structured on a Likert scale and reviewed by experts. Measurement model evaluation included convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal reliability, while the structural model was assessed using R² and Q². Results indicated that 27 items met psychometric standards with outer loadings ≥ 0.70, AVE ranging from 0.61–0.65, composite reliability of 0.88–0.90, and Cronbach’s alpha between 0.84–0.86. Discriminant validity was supported by both Fornell–Larcker criteria and cross-loadings, and the model demonstrated predictive relevance (Q² > 0). Among the three dimensions, Asih exhibited the strongest reliability, underscoring the centrality of emotional support in the Indonesian cultural context. Developmental group analysis revealed age-related shifts consistent with theory: Asuh predominated among elementary school children, Asah among junior high students, and Asih among senior high school and university students. Gender differences were also evident, with females emphasizing Asih and males scoring relatively higher on Asuh. In conclusion, the Asah, Asih, Asuh construct demonstrates validity and reliability as a holistic parenting framework. Practically, the instrument is applicable for school counseling assessments, educational psychology research, family law considerations, and child protection policy planning. Recommendations include replication across regions, testing for measurement invariance, and the development of normative data by age and gender to enhance precision and applicability across diverse service settings.