INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) E-ISSN 3047-6151 Published once a month every year and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specializing in field research and literary reviews related to social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. The aim is to offer the reader a better understanding of Humanities and Social Sciences and to present progress through the publication of articles and research reports, which include field studies and literature reviews. This journal invites scholars and experts working in all disciplines. The article must be original, based on field research and literature, never previously published, and not being considered to be published in other journals. All papers submitted will be reviewed by the Editor, the editorial board, and the blind reviewer. Submissions that violate the format or length guidelines will be rejected without review. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) is a journal that deals with social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. Education covers all kinds of fields of education, in the sphere of family, school, and even higher education. The field of education is not confined to either general education or special education, as is the case with the social sphere. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) index by:
GRIEVING: PROBLEMS AND EFFORTS TO ADDRESS IT FROM A SOCIAL WORK PERSPECTIVE Systematic Literature Review (SLR)
Grieving is a human response to loss, whether the loss results from death or from non-death losses such as the loss of health, employment, social roles, relationships, bodily functions, a sense of safety, and life expectations. In social work practice, grieving should not be understood merely as a sequence of emotional stages, but as a biopsychosocial-spiritual adaptation process shaped by the meaning of loss, social support, culture, spirituality, access to services, and structural vulnerability. This article aims to strengthen understanding of grieving-related problems and strategies for addressing them through a PRISMA-based systematic literature review (SLR). The literature reviewed was limited to publications from 2023 onward, with priority given to reputable articles on prolonged grief disorder (PGD), risks of prolonged grief, psychosocial interventions, family- and community-based support, digital bereavement support, and caregiver and palliative care contexts. The synthesis identified five main themes: first, the shift in the concept of grief from a stage model toward a dynamic adaptation model; second, PGD as a clinical condition that differs from normal grief, depression, and PTSD; third, risk factors that include pre-loss grief, depression, traumatic death, strong attachment, loneliness, low social support, and cultural barriers; fourth, the effectiveness of interventions that combine psychoeducation, narrative reconstruction, cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure, social support, EMDR, mindfulness, and online support; and fifth, the importance of the social worker's role in assessment, emotional validation, resource advocacy, crisis intervention, clinical referral, and strengthening social functioning. The discussion emphasizes that the purpose of intervention is not to erase grief, but to help individuals and families integrate loss into a meaningful life narrative. Recommendations are directed toward the development of tiered service models, PGD screening instruments, strengthened community support, social worker training, and Indonesian research grounded in culture and spirituality.
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CYBERSECURITY FRAMEWORK FOR AUTONOMOUS ENGINEERING SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRY 5.0
The rapid adoption of autonomous engineering systems in the Industry 5.0 era has transformed industrial operations through the integration of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, and advanced automation technologies. While these innovations enhance productivity, flexibility, and human–machine collaboration, they also introduce complex cybersecurity challenges that threaten system reliability, data integrity, operational continuity, and organizational resilience. This study aims to examine the development of cybersecurity frameworks for autonomous engineering systems within the context of Industry 5.0 through a literature review approach. The research method employs a systematic examination of scholarly articles, conference proceedings, industry reports, and relevant policy documents related to cybersecurity, autonomous systems, and Industry 5.0. The findings indicate that effective cybersecurity frameworks require a multidimensional approach encompassing risk assessment, zero-trust architecture, artificial intelligence-driven threat detection, secure communication protocols, continuous monitoring, and human-centered security governance. Furthermore, the integration of cybersecurity-by-design principles throughout the system lifecycle is essential for minimizing vulnerabilities and improving resilience against evolving cyber threats. The study concludes that a comprehensive cybersecurity framework is a critical prerequisite for ensuring the secure, reliable, and sustainable deployment of autonomous engineering systems in Industry 5.0 environments. The results contribute to the development of strategic guidelines for organizations, engineers, and policymakers seeking to strengthen cybersecurity readiness in increasingly autonomous industrial ecosystems.
ACCEPTABILITY TEST OF PROCESSED TUBER PRODUCTS AS A LOCAL FOOD ALTERNATIVE
The purpose of this study is to determine the level of acceptance of panellists towards processed sweet potato–potato patties and purple sweet potato onde-onde through organoleptic tests. This research is an experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD) involving 15 trained panelists from the academic community of Nahdlatul Ulama University of North Sumatra. The research method includes product development with various formulations, followed by a hedonic test on the attributes of taste, color, aroma, and texture using a numerical scale of 1–5. The data from the panelists' evaluations were analyzed descriptively to determine the most preferred treatment. Research results show that for perkedel products, formulation P0 (100% sweet potato, 0% potato) obtained the highest scores in all organoleptic attributes (taste 3.53; color 3.67; aroma 3.47; texture 3.67), making it the formulation most preferred by the panelists. In purple sweet potato onde-onde products, the most preferred taste attribute was found in treatment M2 (50% glutinous rice flour, 50% purple sweet potato) and M4 (100% purple sweet potato), whereas the best color, aroma, and texture were obtained in treatment M3 (25% glutinous rice flour, 75% purple sweet potato). The use of yellow sweet potatoes in full produces fritters with the best sensory quality, Meanwhile, the substitution of purple sweet potato in a balanced or dominant proportion can increase panelists' acceptance of onde-onde.
FLATTENING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES THROUGH AI INTEGRATION: IMPACTS ON MANAGERIAL EFFECTIVENESS
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has driven significant changes in modern organizational structures, particularly in efforts to create more flexible, adaptive, and efficient organizations. This study aims to analyze the influence of AI integration on the process of streamlining organizational structures and its impact on managerial effectiveness. The research method used is a literature review by examining various scientific articles, international journals, industry reports, and academic publications relevant to digital transformation, AI in management, and the dynamics of organizational structures. The analysis was conducted descriptively and conceptually to identify the relationship between AI implementation, the reduction of organizational hierarchies, and changes in managerial roles in decision-making. The results of the study indicate that AI integration can reduce organizational dependence on complex bureaucratic structures through process automation, accelerated information flow, and increased transparency in internal communications. These conditions enable organizations to build flatter structures with shorter and more responsive coordination paths. Furthermore, managerial effectiveness is increased through the support of data-driven systems that facilitate real-time planning, monitoring, and performance evaluation. However, this transformation also presents challenges in the form of changes in organizational culture, the need to improve digital competencies, and potential resistance from middle management. This study concludes that AI integration plays a crucial role in driving organizational efficiency and redefining managerial functions toward more collaborative, strategic, and technology-driven leadership styles.
LEGAL LIABILITY OF PERPETRATORS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE OF CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LAW IN THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS
Domestic violence is a form of legal and human rights violation that causes physical, psychological, sexual and economic harm to victims within the household. Law No. 23 of 2004 emphasises that the elimination of domestic violence is aimed at preventing violence, prosecuting perpetrators and protecting victims; consequently, its handling cannot be limited solely to private family matters. This study aims to analyse the legal liability of perpetrators of domestic violence through an integrated perspective of criminal and civil law in the protection of victims. The method used is a literature review, examining legislation, legal literature, and relevant academic sources regarding domestic violence, victim protection, restitution, and the restoration of victims’ rights. The findings indicate that criminal legal liability serves to affirm prohibitions, establish the perpetrator’s guilt, and impose sanctions as a form of accountability for acts of domestic violence. However, a criminal approach alone is insufficient, as victims often suffer multiple layers of harm requiring concrete redress through civil mechanisms, including claims for damages and restitution. Perma No. 1 of 2022 strengthens victim recovery by stipulating that restitution may take the form of compensation for loss of wealth or income, material and immaterial losses, medical and psychological care costs, as well as other losses directly related to the criminal offence. Thus, the protection of victims of domestic violence demands an integrated approach between criminal and civil law so that justice does not merely end with the punishment of the perpetrator, but also provides effective redress, ongoing protection, and a guarantee of dignity for the victim.
ÉTUDE TERMINOLOGIQUE DE THE GREATEST MISTAKE D’AFUNUGO
La traduction des romans africains vers des langues europhones se heurte souvent au problème de l'asymétrie culturelle, où les concepts indigènes perdent leur profondeur spirituelle. Cette étude aborde ce problème à travers une analyse terminologique rigoureuse du roman The Greatest Mistake d'Afunugo. Méthodologiquement, la recherche adopte une approche multidimensionnelle (cognitive, pragmatique et communicative) pour extraire et classifier les termes clés dans un catalogue terminographique, tout en les comparant aux traditions orales igbo. Les résultats révèlent que des termes pivots comme Iwa ji, Iroko et Eke fonctionnent comme des signifiants culturels denses qui ancrent le récit. Face aux défis de l'intraduisibilité et de l'ambiguïté sémantique, l'évaluation montre que les techniques de transposition et de modulation réussissent à équilibrer la fidélité textuelle et l'accessibilité pour le public cible. En conclusion, cette étude démontre qu'une approche terminologique structurée est indispensable pour combler les vides interprétatifs et préserver l'intégrité artistique de l'œuvre originale.
INVESTIGATING STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF USING FLIPPED CLASSROOM IN EFL WRITING
This study aims to investigate students’ perceptions of the implementation of the flipped classroom method in EFL writing. A quantitative approach with a descriptive survey design was used in this study. The participants were 50 students from the English Education Study Program at UIN Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed via Google Forms and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results show that students generally have positive perceptions of the flipped classroom. The method helps students better understand writing materials, improves their writing skills, and increases their readiness before class through pre-learning activities. In addition, students become more active and engaged during classroom activities, and the level of interaction also improves. Furthermore, the flipped classroom enhances students’ confidence and motivation in writing. Students also find the method easy to follow and feel comfortable using it. Most of them prefer the flipped classroom over traditional learning methods. The flipped classroom is an effective approach for teaching EFL writing, as it supports students’ learning experiences and promotes a more interactive and student-centered learning environment
students’ perception writing skills motivation
SOCIAL MEDIA-BASED ACADEMIC WRITING INSTRUCTION IN INDONESIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
The development of digital technology and social media has brought significant changes to the learning process in higher education, including in academic writing. This study aims to analyze the implementation of social media-based academic writing learning in higher education institutions in Indonesia through a literature review approach. The research method used is a literature study by reviewing various scientific articles, national and international journals, proceedings, and relevant academic sources that discuss the use of social media in academic writing learning in higher education environments. The results of the study indicate that the use of social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, and Google Classroom can improve academic interaction, student collaboration, writing creativity, and learning motivation in the academic writing process. Social media also provides easy access to learning resources, rapid feedback, and learning flexibility that support the development of students' scientific writing skills. In addition, the use of social media in academic writing learning is considered effective in creating a more participatory and communicative learning environment. However, several challenges are faced, such as distractions from social media use, low academic digital literacy, and the potential for plagiarism in the writing process. This study concludes that social media-based academic writing learning has significant potential to improve the quality of academic writing instruction in Indonesian universities if supported by appropriate pedagogical strategies, strong academic supervision, and ongoing technology integration. This research is expected to serve as a reference for academics and educational institutions in developing effective digital learning innovations that are adaptive to technological developments.
DIGITAL HR TRANSFORMATION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM TECHNOLOGY-DRIVEN FIRMS
Digital transformation in human resource management has become a crucial strategy for technology-based companies to improve organizational effectiveness and business competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the impact of digital HR transformation on organizational performance in technology-oriented companies through a literature review approach. The research method used is a literature study by reviewing various scientific articles, international journals, research reports, and relevant academic sources that discuss digital HR transformation and organizational performance in the context of modern companies. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of digital technology in HR functions, such as the use of artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud-based HR systems, and automated recruitment, can improve operational efficiency, employee productivity, decision-making quality, and organizational flexibility in facing business changes. In addition, digital HR transformation also contributes to increased employee engagement, the development of digital competencies, and the acceleration of organizational innovation. However, several challenges remain, including resistance to change, limited digital competency of human resources, and issues of data security and privacy. This study concludes that digital HR transformation plays a strategic role in driving organizational performance improvement in technology-based companies when supported by adaptive leadership, an innovative organizational culture, and adequate technological readiness. This research is expected to serve as an academic and practical reference for organizations in designing sustainable digital-based HR management strategies.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORAL TRADITIONS OF ONANG-ONANG CULTURE THROUGH CULTURAL LITERACY TO IMPROVE THE COMMUNITY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT INDEX
This study aims to analyse the reconstruction of the Onang-Onang oral tradition based on cultural literacy as an effort to improve the Community Literacy Development Index (IPLM). Onang-Onang is an oral tradition of the Mandailing people that embodies aesthetic, moral, religious and social values, and serves as a medium for the intergenerational transmission of cultural values. However, the passage of time, modernisation, and the declining interest of the younger generation in local traditions have posed challenges to the continuity of Onang-Onang. This study employs a literature review method with a descriptive-analytical approach through the examination of various relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that the reconstruction of Onang-Onang can be achieved through documentation, digitisation, reinterpretation of meaning, and integration into education and community literacy activities. These strategies not only ensure the continuity of the tradition but also broaden public access to local cultural knowledge. Thus, the reconstruction of Onang-Onang art based on cultural literacy has the potential to be an effective step in strengthening cultural identity whilst supporting the contextual and sustainable improvement of the Community Literacy Development Index (IPLM).
ACCREDITATION AS A QUALITY ASSURANCE INSTRUMENT IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
School/madrasah accreditation is one of the key instruments in Indonesia’s education quality assurance system. This study aims to analyze school/madrasah accreditation policies within the national education quality assurance system, identify the principles underlying their implementation, and describe the role of educational institutions in the accreditation process. This research employs a literature review method by examining various regulations, scientific journals, and relevant policy documents. The findings indicate that accreditation policies in Indonesia have a strong legal foundation, ranging from Law No. 20 of 2003 to the latest IASP 2020 instrument. The implementation of accreditation is based on the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness, fairness, transparency, accountability, professionalism, as well as meaningfulness, inclusivity, and contextuality. Educational institutions play an active and strategic role in the accreditation process, ranging from self-preparation and the conduct of site visits to follow-up on accreditation results as part of continuous quality improvement efforts. Accreditation is not merely an administrative process but serves as a means for reflection and comprehensive improvement of educational quality.
FRAGMENTATION AND HARMONISATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF REGIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ON THE WTO’S MULTILATERAL SYSTEM IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA
This article examines the dynamics of fragmentation and harmonisation in international trade law in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic through a literature review, focusing on the impact of Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) on the multilateral system of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The process of fragmentation is described in the context of the proliferation of RTAs, which gives rise to overlapping norms, inconsistent rules, and uncertainty for member and non-member states, particularly developing countries. On the other hand, this article asserts that RTAs can serve as “building blocks” for normative integration if designed in a manner compatible and transparent with WTO principles. Through adjustment mechanisms, dispute settlement, and plurilateral initiatives, the WTO demonstrates an adaptive capacity to maintain the coherence of the international trade law system amidst the proliferation of RTAs. Thus, this article concludes that fragmentation and harmonisation are not dichotomous but interrelated; the sustainability of the WTO’s multilateral system depends heavily on the capacity for coordination and harmonisation between regional and multilateral regimes in the post-pandemic era of global trade.
THE RECONFIGURATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON CROSS-BORDER E-COMMERCE REGULATION AND DATA SOVEREIGNTY CHALLENGES
The digital age has revolutionised international trade law through the expansion of cross-border e-commerce, which demands a reconfiguration of global regulations, whilst challenges regarding data sovereignty create a fundamental conflict between the free flow of data and national control. This literature review analyses the dynamics of legal harmonisation through the WTO E-commerce Initiative, the UNCITRAL Model Law, the ASEAN Agreement on Electronic Commerce (Law No. 4/2021), as well as a comparison of the European GDPR-DSA regulations, the US sectoral approach, and Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law, identifying gaps in consumer protection, electronic contracts, digital taxation, and ODR dispute resolution. Key findings underscore the need for a hybrid approach combining global minimum standards with national flexibility, particularly for developing countries facing big tech dominance and regulatory fragmentation, with recommendations to strengthen the ASEAN Data Adequacy Framework and sovereign cloud infrastructure to safeguard information sovereignty amidst the liberalisation of digital trade.
EXTENSIVE READING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO VOCABULARY GROWTH IN EFL LEARNERS
This study aims to examine the contribution of extensive reading to vocabulary growth in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners through a literature review approach. The method used was a literature review, reviewing various relevant scientific articles, books, and research reports related to extensive reading practices and vocabulary acquisition. The results of the study indicate that extensive reading has a significant impact on increasing the number and quality of learners' vocabulary, primarily through repeated exposure to words in meaningful contexts. Furthermore, reading activities that are independent, enjoyable, and appropriate to the learner's ability level have been shown to increase learning motivation and strengthen long-term vocabulary retention. Factors such as selecting appropriate reading materials, reading frequency, and a supportive learning environment also play important roles in optimizing learning outcomes. Thus, extensive reading can be an effective strategy for vocabulary development for EFL learners when implemented consistently and in a structured manner.
PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED ISLAMIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN TOJO UNA-UNA REGENCY
This research aims to describe; (1) What is the community's perception of the implementation of curriculum management (2) What is the community's perception of the implementation of school and community relations management at SD IT AL- Wahdah Tojo Una-Una. This research uses mixed research methods with an exploratory type of research. Data collection techniques through observation, distribution of questionnaires, interviews and documentation studies. The data analysis process was carried out using descriptive percentage analysis techniques. The research results show that: (1) community perception of curriculum implementation at SD IT Al-Wahdah Tojo Una-Una with a percentage of 85.85% is in the good category. This can be seen in the implementation of curriculum management functions in planning, implementation and also the evaluation process. By combining the national curriculum and the Wahdah Islamiyah curriculum, this school is much sought after by the public. (2) Community perception of the implementation of school and community relations management at SD IT Al-Wahdah Tojo Una-Una with a percentage of 88.17% is in the good category. This can be seen in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the management of school and community relations which has been carried out well, so that through these public relations activities SD IT Al-Wahdah Tojo Una-Una is increasingly known to the community.
implementation of school and community relations management
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE INDONESIA–MALAYSIA BORDER REGION: FROM TRADITIONAL BARTER SYSTEMS TO A MODERN CROSS-BORDER TRADE ECOSYSTEM
This study examines the economic transformation of the Indonesia–Malaysia border region from traditional barter systems to a modern cross-border trade ecosystem. The research adopts a qualitative approach, drawing on recent Scopus-indexed literature, policy reports, and relevant academic sources. The findings reveal that the transformation process is multidimensional, involving the interactions among economic integration, institutional development, technological advancement, and socio-cultural adaptation. While the introduction of formal trade systems has enhanced market efficiency, expanded trade volumes, and improved regional connectivity, traditional barter practices and informal trade continue to persist, forming a hybrid economic structure in border areas. Furthermore, the study identifies key challenges, including institutional fragmentation, regulatory inconsistencies, limited infrastructure, and unequal access to economic opportunities, which contribute to uneven development across border regions. Digitalization is a critical driver of the transition toward a modern trade ecosystem, particularly through the expansion of e-commerce and digital financial services. However, socio-cultural factors remain influential, as local communities maintain traditional practices based on trust and social networks. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrative perspective that bridges economic, institutional, and socio-cultural dimensions of border economic transformation. The findings highlight the importance of inclusive policy design that accommodates both formal and informal systems to ensure sustainable and equitable development.
INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGY: BRIDGING ACCESSIBILITY AND EQUITY GAPS
The development of digital technology has brought significant changes to the education system, including strengthening inclusive education practices oriented towards equal access and justice for all students. The research method used a literature review by reviewing various scientific articles, books, policy reports, and relevant academic publications on inclusive education, educational technology, and the issue of equal access to learning. The results of the study indicate that technology has the potential to increase the participation of students with special needs through the use of adaptive assistive devices, flexible learning platforms, artificial intelligence, and disability-friendly learning media. In addition, technology can also expand the reach of education for marginalized groups in remote areas through online learning systems and open learning resources. However, the effectiveness of its implementation is greatly influenced by teacher readiness, policy support, the availability of facilities, and the commitment of educational institutions to the principle of inclusivity.
GAMIFICATION OF LIBRARY ORIENTATION AND INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS TRAINING IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Gamification is a recent teaching technique in academic libraries that is turning the conventional library orientation and information literacy (IL) training into engaging, student-centred learning experiences. This research investigates the use of gamification design elements (points, badges, quests and leaderboards) in library instruction to improve student engagement, motivation, and learning. Building on existing learning theories, such as Self-Determination Theory, Constructivism, Experiential Learning, and Behaviourism, the paper proposes a theoretical model of gamification design and IL. The research takes a conceptual and design-based approach to examine the effects of gamified activities on user experiences and learning. The study reveals that gamification enhances library use, enhances IL skills and engages users in learning. The research finds that gamification is an effective and scalable teaching strategy which transforms academic libraries into active learning spaces that support academic achievement and lifelong learning.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE ERA OF SMART TECHNOLOGY: THE INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL MEDIA IN ENHANCING ACADEMIC COMMUNICATION LITERACY
The era of smart technology has transformed the paradigm of educational communication through the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital media, which has significantly enhanced academic communication literacy. This study examines this transformation through two main discussions: (1) the role of AI in personalising learning through educational chatbots, automated writing tools, and adaptive learning systems that provide real-time feedback to improve students’ writing and critical thinking skills; and (2) digital media strategies such as Learning Management Systems (LMS), online discussion forums, and collaborative platforms that facilitate global interaction and the production of multimedia content. Using a qualitative literature review approach, this study identifies the synergy between AI and digital media in creating an adaptive and inclusive learning ecosystem, despite facing ethical challenges such as plagiarism, technological dependency, and the digital access gap. The findings confirm that a holistic approach integrating AI ethics regulation, digital literacy training, and equitable infrastructure is necessary to optimise this transformation. The conclusion offers recommendations for the development of technology literacy curricula and institutional collaboration to prepare graduates for the era of digital disruption. Overall, the integration of AI and digital media is not merely a technical innovation, but the foundation of sustainable higher education in the 21st century.
UNVEILING THE DRIVERS OF SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: A CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE
This study aims to examine the influence of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) components namely customer knowledge, customer orientation, and technology capability on sustainable competitive advantage from a customer perspective. The research addresses inconsistencies in prior findings regarding the effectiveness of CRM components in generating sustainable competitive advantage, particularly within the Islamic banking sector. A quantitative approach was employed using survey data collected from 110 customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia in Banjarmasin, focusing on Generation Z and millennial segments. The data were analyzed using SmartPLS 3.0 through structural equation modeling techniques. The results indicate that customer orientation and technology capability have a positive and significant effect on sustainable competitive advantage. In contrast, customer knowledge does not show a significant influence. These findings suggest that from the customer perspective the ability of firms to respond to customer needs and utilize technology plays a more critical role in creating unique and difficult to imitate value than merely possessing customer related knowledge. This study contributes to the CRM and Resource Based View literature by highlighting the contextual role of CRM components in shaping competitive advantage in Islamic banking.
LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF LESBIAN WOMEN IN INDONESIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION, SOCIAL NORMS AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK
This study aims to critically analyse legal protection for the rights of lesbian women in Indonesia, focusing on three main dimensions: structural discrimination within the legal system and public policy; the role of heteronormative social norms in producing stigma and marginalisation; and the implementation gap between national and international human rights frameworks. The study employs a qualitative research method using a literature review approach. The research findings indicate that legal protection for lesbian women is in a paradoxical state: on the one hand, the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, CEDAW, and the ICCPR provide a strong normative foundation for non-discrimination; on the other hand, the absence of explicit recognition of sexual orientation as a protected category in secondary legislation creates interpretative loopholes that permit systematic discrimination in the spheres of education, employment, healthcare, and the judicial system. Heteronormative social norms reproduced through the institutions of the family, religion, and the mass media reinforce this structural discrimination, producing chronic minority stress and structural invisibility for lesbian women. This study concludes that effective protection requires a holistic approach encompassing the enactment of inclusive anti-discrimination legislation, the revision of the new Criminal Code to prevent the criminalisation of consensual same-sex relationships, the institutional transformation of public bureaucracy, and public education to deconstruct heteronormative norms. Without synergy between legal reform, social transformation, and consistent political commitment, the constitutional promise of equality before the law will remain empty rhetoric for lesbian women in Indonesia.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL AGE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES’ PERSONAL DATA AND COMPLIANCE WITH LABOUR REGULATIONS FOLLOWING THE 2022 PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT
Digital transformation has revolutionised Human Resource Management (HRM) from an administrative function into a data-driven strategic ecosystem utilising artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, and integrated systems. However, the adoption of this technology poses serious legal challenges regarding the protection of employees’ personal data amidst the unequal power dynamics between employers and employees. This study aims to analyse digital transformation in HRM and the legal implications of Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) for compliance with labour regulations in Indonesia. It employs a literature review (library research) using a legal-normative approach. The research findings indicate that digital transformation in HRM—encompassing AI-based recruitment, HRIS, digital monitoring, and biometrics—has enhanced efficiency whilst simultaneously creating massive privacy risks for workers. The 2022 PDP Act reshapes the labour law landscape by designating employers as Data Controllers who must adhere to the principles of purpose limitation, multi-layered data security, transparency, and structural accountability. This regulation curtails employers’ prerogatives through a proportionality test and strengthens workers’ rights to access, rectification, erasure, and data portability. Compliance with the 2022 PDP Act demands a fundamental overhaul of HR policies, investment in cybersecurity, the appointment of a Data Protection Officer (DPO), and the implementation of Privacy by Design. This study concludes that the success of digital transformation in HRM is not only measured by operational efficiency, but by the organisation’s ability to integrate technological innovation with the protection of workers’ human rights, thereby realising a fair, safe, and legally certain working ecosystem in the digital economy era.
LEGAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON REGULATORY, ETHICAL AND DATA PROTECTION CHALLENGES IN INDONESIA
The exponential development of artificial intelligence (AI) has created a fundamental disruption to the national legal order, demanding regulatory transformation that is adaptive to algorithmic autonomy, ethical issues, and the protection of personal data. This article aims to analyse the legal challenges faced by Indonesia in the AI era through a literature review using a juridical-normative approach and content analysis. The research findings indicate that Indonesia faces a specific regulatory vacuum (legal vacuum) that creates legal uncertainty, particularly regarding liability for discriminatory or harmful AI decisions resulting from the lack of transparency associated with the ‘black box’ problem. Fragmented inter-institutional authority and the regulatory body’s lack of technical expertise exacerbate the situation, whilst the implementation of Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) faces technical dilemmas regarding data minimisation, informed consent, and the right to erasure within machine learning systems. From an ethical perspective, algorithmic bias has the potential to perpetuate structural discrimination that runs counter to the values of Pancasila, whilst the absence of an obligation to label synthetic content threatens the integrity of public information. This article recommends the enactment of a dedicated AI law adopting the principle of strict liability, strengthening the capacity of the Personal Data Protection Agency, formulating operational AI ethics grounded in Pancasila, and implementing a hybrid legal approach combining hard law with soft law. This legal transformation is an absolute prerequisite for Indonesia to harness the potential of AI for Indonesia Emas 2045 without compromising human rights, social justice, and the nation’s digital sovereignty.
REGULATION AND THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF P2P LENDING FINTECH: A STUDY OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ILLEGAL ONLINE LENDING IN INDONESIA
The proliferation of illegal online lending (pinjol) in Indonesia has triggered a serious socio-economic and humanitarian crisis, despite the regulatory framework for fintech peer-to-peer (P2P) lending having been strengthened through Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulation No. 40 of 2024. This article aims to examine two main dimensions: first, the effectiveness of regulations and consumer protection mechanisms within the fintech P2P lending ecosystem; second, the multidimensional social impacts caused by illegal online lending on individuals, families, and Indonesian society. This study employs a literature review (library research) using a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach. The findings indicate that whilst Indonesia’s regulatory framework is comprehensive in theory, its effectiveness is hampered by cross-border jurisdictional gaps, low levels of digital financial literacy among the public (only 38 per cent), and limited law enforcement capacity. The social impact of illegal online lending has gone beyond material losses and transformed into a humanitarian crisis encompassing severe psychological distress (68% of victims suffer from chronic depression and anxiety), the destruction of social relationships due to the practice of personal data dissemination (doxing), exponential debt cycles that cripple household economies, and even suicides that claim lives. This phenomenon also erodes social capital, deepens structural inequality, and undermines public trust in state institutions. This article recommends a holistic approach that integrates the strengthening of cross-border law enforcement cooperation, the acceleration of transformative digital financial literacy, the establishment of compensation and psychosocial rehabilitation mechanisms for victims, and structural reforms to expand access to formal financial services as a long-term preventive solution. Without such comprehensive intervention, P2P lending fintech innovations risk becoming a double-edged sword that widens social injustice and hinders Indonesia’s inclusive and sustainable digital economic transformation.
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR THE WEAKER PARTY IN CIVIL CONTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN LAW AND INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE
Civil contracts, as fundamental instruments in modern legal and economic transactions, are often characterised by an imbalance in bargaining power between the parties, whereby the weaker party (consumers, workers, debtors) is in a vulnerable position and susceptible to contractual exploitation by the stronger party (business operators, employers, creditors). This study aims to analyse legal protection for weaker parties in civil contracts in Indonesia, compare it with international practices, and formulate policy recommendations to strengthen the national legal system. It employs a literature review using a legal-normative and comparative approach. The research findings indicate that Indonesia possesses a fairly comprehensive normative framework through the Civil Code and sectoral legislation; however, its effectiveness is hampered by low legal literacy, weak enforcement, and limited access to justice. Comparative analysis reveals that the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom have developed more advanced protection mechanisms, including mandatory protection that cannot be overridden by choice-of-law clauses, collective enforcement through consumer organisations and public authorities, and judicial flexibility to set aside unfair terms through the doctrine of unconscionability and the reasonableness test. This study recommends holistic reforms encompassing the adoption of the principle of mandatory protection, strengthening the powers of the BPSK and OJK for preventive oversight, integrating more flexible doctrines for the courts, simplifying class action mechanisms, and implementing a massive legal literacy programme. Without synergy between robust regulation, consistent enforcement, and community empowerment, legal protection for the vulnerable will remain a normative promise incapable of altering the reality of structural injustice in contractual relationships.
THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION FOR ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN CIVIL LAW
The rapid growth of electronic transactions in Indonesia has made the protection of personal data a central issue in civil law, particularly regarding the validity and enforcement of electronic contracts. This study aims to analyse the legal implications of personal data protection on electronic contracts from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, focusing on how Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) affects the validity requirements of contracts and the civil liabilities of the parties. The research method employed is normative legal research using a literature review approach, analysing primary legal sources such as the Civil Code, the ITE Law, and the PDP Law, as well as relevant secondary and tertiary legal materials. The research findings indicate that the PPDL has brought about a fundamental transformation in the legal framework of electronic contracts, wherein the consent of data subjects must meet the standards of informed consent—being explicit, specific, informative, and voluntary—to ensure that the element of agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code is materially fulfilled. Violations of personal data protection provisions may be classified as breach of contract or unlawful acts giving rise to civil liability in the form of damages, with a reversal of the burden of proof mechanism that places the data subject in a stronger position. It is concluded that the harmonisation between the Civil Code, the ITE Law, and the PDP Law has created a more comprehensive civil legal ecosystem, although the effectiveness of its enforcement still requires the strengthening of digital legal literacy and consistency in court jurisprudence.
BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS
The development of digital technology has encouraged the use of big data analytics in public health, particularly in health surveillance systems. This study aims to comprehensively examine the opportunities and limitations of using big data analytics to improve the effectiveness of public health surveillance through a literature review approach. The method used is a literature review, analyzing various relevant scientific sources, such as international journals, health institution reports, and recent academic publications. The study results indicate that big data analytics has significant potential for improving early outbreak detection, real-time disease monitoring, and more accurate and rapid data-driven decision-making. The integration mixing information from multiple sources, including social media, electronic health records, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, makes surveillance systems more predictive and responsive. However, a number of restrictions need to be addressed, such as data security and privacy concerns, data quality and interoperability challenges, restricted technological infrastructure, and gaps in human resource capacity. Furthermore, ethical and regulatory challenges also hinder optimal implementation. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed to maximize the benefits of big data analytics while still considering the security, ethics, and sustainability of the health system.
DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS: REAL-TIME MONITORING AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
Engineering systems have been profoundly altered by the quick development of digital technologies, especially with the use of Digital Twin technology. The purpose of this project is to investigate how digital twins facilitate predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring within engineering systems using a literature review approach. The method involves systematically analyzing and synthesizing findings from recent scholarly articles, conference proceedings, and technical reports related to Digital Twin applications. The results indicate that The development of virtual copies of real systems is made easier by digital twin technology, enabling continuous data integration, performance simulation, and anomaly detection. Through real-time monitoring, engineering systems can achieve improved operational transparency and faster decision-making. Furthermore, the implementation of predictive maintenance supported by Digital Twin reduces downtime, optimizes maintenance scheduling, and minimizes operational costs by predicting potential failures before they occur. However, challenges such as data integration complexity, high implementation costs, and cybersecurity risks remain significant barriers. This study highlights that despite these challenges, Digital Twin technology presents substantial opportunities for enhancing efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in modern engineering systems. Future research is recommended to focus on scalable frameworks and secure data architectures to maximize its implementation.
IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF THE NINE-YEAR COMPULSORY EDUCATION POLICY IN KEEROM REGENCY
The nine-year compulsory education program is a strategic policy of the Indonesian government aimed at improving equitable access to basic education. In Keerom Regency, the implementation of this program still faces various challenges, including geographical constraints, limited educational infrastructure, and uneven distribution of teachers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the nine-year compulsory education program by focusing on its effectiveness, obstacles, and the role of stakeholders. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that the program has been implemented but has not yet reached optimal outcomes. Major obstacles include economic limitations of the community, low awareness of the importance of education, and limited access to schools. In addition, the shortage of teachers and inadequate educational facilities affect the quality of learning. Although efforts have been made by the local government and schools, these have not fully addressed the needs of all communities. This study concludes that strong synergy between the government, community, and stakeholders is essential to improve the success of the program through adaptive and sustainable policies.
YOUTH VOTER ORIENTATION IN BALI IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
This study aims to analyze the orientation of young voters in the 2024 Presidential Election using a cross-tabulation approach across various demographic and social variables. The research employs a quantitative methodology with Chi-square test analysis to examine relationships among variables. The sample consists of 595 respondents from Generation Z and Millennials. The results indicate that gender, occupation, and education have a significant influence on preferences for presidential and vice-presidential candidate pairs. Specifically, Candidate Pair No. 2 dominates support across nearly all categories. In contrast, age and organizational participation show no significant effect on respondents’ choices. These findings suggest that the political orientation of young voters is more strongly influenced by socio-political background and educational level than by age or organizational experience.