INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) Published once a month every year and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specializing in field research and literary reviews related to social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. The aim is to offer the reader a better understanding of Humanities and Social Sciences and to present progress through the publication of articles and research reports, which include field studies and literature reviews. This journal invites scholars and experts working in all disciplines. The article must be original, based on field research and literature, never previously published, and not being considered to be published in other journals. All papers submitted will be reviewed by the Editor, the editorial board, and the blind reviewer. Submissions that violate the format or length guidelines will be rejected without review. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) is a journal that deals with social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. Education covers all kinds of fields of education, in the sphere of family, school, and even higher education. The field of education is not confined to either general education or special education, as is the case with the social sphere. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) index by:
INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION 2026: FROM DEFENSIVE STABILITY TO ACCELERATED UPSTREAM PROCESSING AND AN INCLUSIVE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article analyses the transformation of Indonesia's economic structure in 2026, which will shift from a defensive stability strategy—with stable GDP growth of 5.11 per cent in 2025—towards accelerating upstream processing (mineral, energy and agricultural downstreaming) and an inclusive digital economy as pillars of national sovereignty. The method used in this study is a literature review. The results show that the downstreaming programme targets Rp3,464.5 trillion in investment to create 1 million jobs and USD50 billion in added value, while the digital ecosystem targets USD146 billion in the digitisation of 20 million MSMEs and equitable access in 3T regions. The integration of these two pillars, supported by the PDP Law regulations and Industry 4.0 upskilling, has the potential to increase the contribution of digital manufacturing to GDP to 35 per cent by 2030, although the challenges of regional disparities and human resources need to be addressed through the synergy of the state budget and green growth engines to achieve the 8 per cent growth target and Indonesia Emas.
Copyright (c) 2026 INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
PRODUCT BRANDING TRANSFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: STRATEGY, IDENTITY, AND CONSUMER LOYALTY FOR MSMEs
This article analyses the transformation of SME product branding in the digital era, focusing on digital-first strategies, brand identity strengthening, and their impact on consumer loyalty. The results show that strategies such as content marketing, influencer collaboration, e-commerce live streaming, and personalised SEO increase visibility by up to 60% and ROI by 5:1, while a cohesive digital brand identity—through authentic visual elements, local storytelling, and the Aaker model—accelerates loyalty through the Oliver stage with a 20-point increase in NPS, 40% retention, and 2x CLV. Practical implications include a 6-12 month roadmap for SMEs to compete in Indonesia's Rp 2,000 trillion digital economy by 2030, with recommendations for government-academic collaboration to address the digital literacy gap.
GREEN ECONOMY INTEGRATION IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA
This article examines green economy integration as Indonesia's main strategy in climate change mitigation and environmental preservation through a comprehensive literature review approach. Two main discussions cover (1) the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI), Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) 2025, and the 23% renewable energy target in the 2025-2029 RPJMN for GHG emission reduction, and (2) the synergy of the circular economy, biodiversity conservation, and community-based practices in agro-industrial waste management, green tourism, and ecosystem restoration. The research results confirm the effectiveness of the green economy in creating 1.8 million green jobs, forestry net sinks, and green Special Economic Zones (KEK) that balance 6.5% economic growth with environmental preservation. However, challenges such as fossil fuel dependency and cross-sectoral coordination require evidence-based recommendations in the form of green sukuk incentives, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and technological innovation to achieve net-zero emissions faster than the 2060 target.
STUTTERING PATTERNS IN ADULT PUBLIC SPEECH: A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SHARON’S TEDX TALKS
This study aims to analyze the types of stuttering speech disorders in an English speaker. The data source of this study is a YouTube video titled “The Power of a Stutter” by Sharon Steed, a person who experiences stuttering, published on the TEDx Talks channel. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method using listening and note-taking techniques to identify instances of stuttering in the speaker’s presentation. The results show that 124 instances of stuttering occurred within the 17 minutes and 33 seconds duration of the video. The analysis reveals that prolongation was the most dominant type of stuttering, occurring 40 times (32.3%). Repetition occurred 34 times (27.4%), while blocking occurred 33 times (26.6%). Mixed patterns were identified 17 times (13.7%). These findings indicate a relatively balanced distribution among the three primary types of stuttering observed in the speaker’s speech. This suggests that the stuttering disorder experienced by the speaker is complex and involves multiple forms of disfluency rather than a single dominant type, which is commonly associated with persistent stuttering in adults.
CORPORATE COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS: CIVIL LAW PERSPECTIVES AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
This article analyses corporate compliance management with consumer protection in electronic transactions from two main perspectives: civil law and economic implications. Using a normative legal approach, the analysis focuses on Articles 1320, 1338, and 1365 of the Civil Code, which regulate the validity of agreements, good faith, and tort liability in the digital ecosystem, as well as the application of RegTech to prevent default and the cancellation of unfair standard clauses. From an economic standpoint, compliance has proven to be a value driver with a net national benefit of IDR 5-10 trillion for the 2025-2027 period through a cost-benefit ratio of 3-5x, a reduction in litigation costs of IDR 1.2 trillion/year, and a 40% increase in customer lifetime value, in line with the 2026 digital economy target of USD 130 billion. Recommendations include mandatory ROI compliance reporting by the OJK starting in fiscal year 2027 and Internal Dispute Resolution as the first tier of dispute resolution. This interdisciplinary synthesis provides an actionable blueprint for digital companies, regulators, and legal practitioners for a sustainable electronic transaction ecosystem.
OPTIMISATION OF LAND MORTGAGE MANAGEMENT IN CORPORATE FINANCING: A CIVIL LAW STUDY AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS LIQUIDITY
This article analyses the optimisation of land mortgage management as a strategic instrument for corporate financing from a civil economic perspective and its impact on business liquidity. Based on a legal-normative literature review of Law No. 4 of 1996, Book III of the Civil Code, and a case study of a state-owned construction company, the research proves that the parate executie doctrine and the preference system (prior tempore potior jure) increase the recovery rate by 82% in 12 months, the current ratio by 1.5x, and asset turnover by 2.3x through refinancing and multi-ranking HT. Systemic optimisation of HT reduces WACC by 2.5%, accelerates the velocity of money by 1.3x, and has the potential to channel Rp450 trillion in real credit by 2026 to support the GDP target of 5.2%. Recommendations include digitising BPN SHT, ABS-HT securitisation, and a single BPN-bank window to eliminate overlapping authorities that cause a 24-month holding period. These findings are relevant for legal practitioners, financial managers, and policymakers for the transformation of the land-based financing ecosystem towards an inclusive and resilient economy amid global volatility in 2026.
THE ROLE OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE IN IMPROVING ELEMENTARY TEACHER' TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS
This study aims to examine the role of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in enhancing the effectiveness of elementary school teachers' instruction thru a literature review approach. The background of the research is based on the importance of teachers' professional competence in facing the demands of 21st-century learning, which emphasizes conceptual understanding, active engagement, and meaningful learning. The method used is qualitative research by reviewing various scientific sources in the form of national and international journal articles, educational books, conference proceedings, as well as relevant theses and dissertations. The study results indicate that Pedagogical Content Knowledge plays a significant role in improving the quality of learning thru the presentation of more concrete concepts, the ability to address student misconceptions, and the enhancement of two-way interaction in the classroom. Teachers with a high level of Pedagogical Content Knowledge are able to design learning strategies that align with the characteristics of elementary school students, thereby encouraging active engagement and deeper conceptual understanding. Moreover, Pedagogical Content Knowledge contributes to the improvement of students' learning outcomes and critical thinking skills because the learning process focuses on understanding rather than mere memorization. This study concludes that strengthening Pedagogical Content Knowledge is a key factor in enhancing the effectiveness of elementary school teachers' instruction. Therefore, the professional development of teachers needs to be directed toward training based on Pedagogical Content Knowledge so that the quality of learning in elementary schools improves sustainably.
THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN CHARACTER BUILDING OF STUDENTS: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL LITERATURE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
This study systematically analyses empirical literature on the role of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) in shaping the character of secondary school students in Indonesia through a literature review. The findings of this study confirm the effectiveness of IRE in increasing students' religiosity, discipline and social empathy through teacher role modelling strategies, habitual worship, thematic discussions of the Qur'an, and extracurricular religious activities. However, the implementation of PAI is hampered by low teacher pedagogical quality, monotonous methods, the negative influence of social media, and a lack of family-school synergy. Recommendations include a digital PAI curriculum, affective neuroscience teacher training, and collaboration between the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religious Affairs to optimise character based on akhlakul karimah (good character) in the digital era.
The Influence of Training, Environment, and Motivation on Archivist Performance in Buleleng Regency
Archiving is a crucial element in realizing accountable and transparent governance. However, internal archiving oversight of regional government agencies in Buleleng Regency indicates that some agencies have not yet achieved optimal performance, necessitating efforts to improve the performance of archivists. This study aims to analyze the influence of training, work environment, and motivation on the performance of archivists within regional government agencies in Buleleng Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis method. The independent variables in this study are training (X1), work environment (X2), and motivation (X3), while the dependent variable is the performance of archivists (Y). The study population is Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK) who serve as archivists in regional apparatus within the Buleleng Regency Government. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale. The data obtained were analyzed through validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using t-tests, F-tests, and coefficients of determination (R²). The results of the study indicate that training, work environment, and motivation simultaneously have a significant effect on the performance of archivists. Partially, training has no significant effect on performance, while work environment and motivation have a positive and significant effect. Motivation is the most dominant variable influencing performance. The coefficient of determination value of 0.734 indicates that 73.4% of the variation in archivist performance can be explained by these three variables, while the remainder is influenced by other factors outside the research model. These findings indicate that improving the performance of archivists needs to be focused on strengthening work motivation and improving a conducive work environment, accompanied by evaluating the effectiveness of training programs to make them more applicable and sustainable. Keywords: performance, training, work environment, motivation, archiving.
ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH STORYTELLING ACTIVITIES
Early childhood language development represents a foundational aspect of cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Storytelling activities are widely recognized as a pedagogical strategy that stimulates linguistic competence by fostering vocabulary acquisition, narrative comprehension, listening skills, and expressive communication. This study aims to analyze the role of storytelling activities in supporting early childhood language development using a literature review approach. Relevant scholarly articles, books, and empirical studies published in the fields of early childhood education, developmental psychology, and language acquisition were systematically examined. The review highlights that storytelling provides rich linguistic input, encourages interaction, enhances imagination, and strengthens children’s ability to structure thoughts verbally. Findings from the literature consistently indicate that storytelling contributes positively to both receptive and expressive language skills, including improvements in vocabulary breadth, sentence formation, phonological awareness, and conversational abilities. Furthermore, storytelling is shown to promote socio-emotional engagement, which indirectly supports communication confidence. The study concludes that storytelling activities constitute an effective, developmentally appropriate intervention for optimizing early language growth. Implications emphasize the need for educators and parents to integrate structured, interactive storytelling practices within early childhood learning environments.
STRENGTHENING RELIGIOUS MODERATION THROUGH THE ICEBERG ANALYSIS MODEL AS AN EFFORT TO COUNTERACT COGNITIVE BIAS AMONG RADICAL GROUPS FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION STUDENTS UIN FATMAWATI SUKARNO BENGKULU
The aim of this research is to find out the process of strengthening religious moderation through developing the iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in Islamic religious education students at UIN Famawati Sukarno Bengkulu and to find out the effectiveness of developing the iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in students Islamic religious education at UIN Famawati Sukarno Bengkulu. The research method that will be used is Participatory Action Research (PAR). Through this method, researchers will involve themselves directly in strengthening religious moderation through the Iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in Islamic Religious Education students at UIN Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu. The results of the research are that Islamic Religious Education Students identified events related to moderate/immoderate actions. Islamic Religious Education Students identify events related to the cognitive bias of radicals, Islamic Religious Education Students formulate patterns and trends, cause structures and determine mental models. Islamic Religious Education Students formulate theoretical actions. Carrying out change action movements through; rethinking, redesigning, reframing to actually reacting.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE REGIONAL LEADERSHIP OF THE MUHAMMADIYAH STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF LAMPUNG
Rapid developments in the era of globalisation mean that effective communication, both internally and externally, is a very important factor for the success of Islamic organisations in achieving their organisational goals. Communication plays a very significant role in ensuring that all organisational activities continue to run smoothly. In the context of organisations, communication is one of the functions that allows people to get to know each other's personalities, including leaders and members who have different needs. This study aims to improve organisational communication skills at PW IPM Lampung. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the study show that the leadership's strategy in improving the communication skills of PW IPM Lampung members is in line with the concept of communication. Through the application of this strategic concept, the leadership is able to foster effective relationships between members of the organisation, improve coordination, and provide direction and evaluation to achieve the goals and work programmes of the organisation.
ADAPTIVE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: PERSONALIZING INSTRUCTION TO ENHANCE STUDENT MOTIVATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of digital technology has encouraged the emergence of adaptive learning technologies that allow personalized learning based on students' abilities and needs. This study aims to examine the development of adaptive learning technology and its implications on learning motivation and student learning outcomes through the library research method. Research data was obtained from various reputable scientific articles indexed by Scopus and other relevant academic sources, then analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify research trends, key findings, and research gaps related to adaptive learning. The results of the study show that adaptive learning technology has the potential to increase student engagement and learning motivation through the presentation of materials that are tailored to individual abilities. In addition, personalization of learning also contributes to improved learning outcomes when supported by appropriate pedagogic design and effective technology integration. However, the implementation of adaptive systems still faces challenges related to infrastructure readiness, educator competence, and user data protection aspects. Therefore, future development of adaptive learning will need to integrate technology, pedagogical strategies, and institutional support to create a more effective and sustainable learning experience.
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of 21st-century education emphasizes the importance of critical thinking skills as essential competencies for students in facing complex real-world challenges. Project-Based Learning (PBL) has emerged as a student-centered instructional approach that engages learners in authentic problem-solving through collaborative and inquiry-based activities. This study aims to examine the role of Project-Based Learning in improving students’ critical thinking skills through a literature review approach. Data were collected from reputable academic publications indexed in international databases and analyzed using content analysis to identify research trends, key findings, and research gaps related to PBL implementation. The findings indicate that PBL positively contributes to the development of critical thinking skills by promoting active learning, collaboration, and reflective problem-solving experiences. However, the effectiveness of PBL depends mainly on the quality of instructional design, teacher facilitation, and integration within the curriculum. Challenges related to implementation readiness and assessment strategies remain important considerations. Therefore, future development of project-based instruction should integrate sound pedagogical planning and technological support to maximize learning outcomes and foster sustainable development of critical thinking in education.
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN MODERN EDUCATION: IMPROVING LEARNING QUALITY AND ENGAGEMENT
The use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies has emerged as an important innovation in modern education by creating immersive and interactive learning experiences. This study aims to analyze previous research on the role of VR and AR in improving learning quality and student engagement in the digital age. The research employs a qualitative approach, using library research to review scholarly articles and academic publications on immersive learning technologies. The findings indicate that VR and AR technologies enhance students’ conceptual understanding and engagement through realistic simulations and interactive visualization. However, successful implementation depends on pedagogical design, technological infrastructure readiness, and educators’ ability to effectively integrate immersive technologies into learning environments. The study highlights the importance of aligning technological innovation with instructional strategies to optimize learning outcomes in modern education systems.
MARKETING AND BRANDING IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN BUSINESS STRATEGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PROMOTION STRATEGY, MARKET SEGMENTATION, PRICING, DISTRIBUTION, AND BRAND IDENTITY FORMATION THROUGH PERSONAL, PRODUCT, CULTURAL, AND GEOGRAPHIC BRANDING — A LITERATURE REVIEW
This study discusses marketing and branding in the context of modern business strategy through a literature review approach. The analysis focuses on the elements of marketing strategy, namely promotion strategy, market segmentation, pricing, and distribution, as well as brand identity formation through personal branding, product branding, cultural branding, and geographic branding. This study shows that modern marketing no longer stands alone but must be integrated with consistent branding practices to create differentiation, build brand equity, and strengthen long-term relationships with consumers. Through a synthesis of the literature, this study develops a conceptual framework that links the 4P/7P marketing mix with various branding approaches, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of more effective and sustainable business strategies in the digital age.
STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE LAW IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A LITERATURE ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT, SUPERVISION, AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES AS INSTRUMENTS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROFIT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC ENTITIES — A LITERATURE REVIEW
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) occupy a strategic position as instruments of national development and profit-oriented economic entities, making good governance a key prerequisite for realising this dual function. This study is a literature review that analyses SOE law from the perspective of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), focusing on the aspects of SOE management, supervision and accountability. Through a normative literature analysis of Law No. 19 of 2003 on SOEs, KNKG guidelines, and OECD GCG principles, this study identifies that the formal structure of SOE organs is in line with the principle of separation of functions, but the practice of organ appointment, political intervention, and weak supervisory independence remain major obstacles. SOE accountability requires the integration of public and private law norms, with the business judgement rule and fiduciary duty principles as pillars of legal protection for the Board of Directors as well as a guarantee of state interests. In conclusion, strengthening GCG through regulatory reform, professionalisation of management bodies, and external oversight synergy is necessary to ensure that SOEs can carry out their dual roles effectively and sustainably.
NONFORMAL EDUCATION AS A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY: EXPANDING LEARNING ACCESS BEYOND FORMAL SCHOOLING
Educational inequality remains a persistent challenge in many developing countries, particularly among marginalized communities with limited access to formal schooling. Nonformal education, often implemented through community-based and lifelong learning programs, offers flexible and inclusive learning opportunities for individuals excluded from formal education systems. This study aims to analyze the role of nonformal education as a strategic mechanism for reducing educational disparities and promoting social inclusion. Using a qualitative literature review approach, this study synthesizes findings from previous research, policy documents, and reports related to nonformal education initiatives. The analysis indicates that nonformal education contributes significantly to expanding educational access, improving life skills, and enhancing community empowerment, especially among disadvantaged populations. However, challenges remain in program sustainability, policy integration, and quality assurance. Strengthening collaboration among governments, communities, and educational institutions is essential to maximize the impact of nonformal education programs. The study highlights the importance of positioning nonformal education as a complementary pathway within national education systems to achieve equitable and inclusive lifelong learning.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND AIR QUALITY IN URBAN AREAS OF BANTEN PROVINCE
The transition to renewable energy is one of the main strategies for reducing air pollution and improving environmental health in urban areas. Banten Province, as a region with high industrial and transportation activity, faces air quality issues that impact public health. This research aims to analyze the impact of the renewable energy transition on air quality and environmental health in urban areas of Banten Province. The research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive and explanatory designs. Data were obtained from secondary air quality data including parameters PM2.5, NOx, SO₂, CO, and O₃, as well as primary data from a community survey regarding environmental health conditions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and regression models to test the relationship between renewable energy use, emission reduction, and health impacts. The research results indicate that increased utilization of renewable energy significantly impacts the reduction of air pollutant concentrations. The decrease in air pollution quality is associated with a reduced risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in urban populations. This research concludes that the transition to renewable energy plays an important role in improving air quality and environmental health in urban areas of Banten Province, and therefore needs to be supported by sustainable policies and implementation.
CIVIL LIABILITY OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE DIRECTORS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS
This study examines the civil liability of Directors of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) when executing special assignments of the state under the reformed framework of Law SOE 2025. Research questions: (1) How should directors’ civil liability be assessed through the lens of the Company Law and the Business Judgment Rule (BJR)? (2) What are the proper form and limits of that liability when special assignments generate losses, and what regulatory model best aligns with Good Corporate Governance (GCG)? Method: doctrinal (normative) legal research using statute, conceptual, and case approaches; prescriptive qualitative analysis. Grand Theory: welfare state; Middle Range Theory: fiduciary duty and BJR; corporate governance (GCG/OECD-SOE) as the applied theory. Analysis shows that Law 1/2025 (i) ring-fences SOE property (Arts. 4A(5), 4B), (ii) codifies BJR for SOE organs (Art. 9F), and (iii) restructures special assignments (Arts. 87C–87D: presidential decree, separate accounting, and state funding if financially unviable). Through Art. 94A(b), asset/profit-loss status follows this law as lex specialis. The dissertation proposes a Two-Gate Test: Gate-1 (BJR-first) four cumulative BJR prongs; Gate-2 (Public-Money test) criminal law engages only when public funds (budget/equity injections/compensation/guarantees) are directly impaired and/or there is unlawful conduct (fraud/conflict of interest). Findings: (i) directors' civil liability is fault-based, not outcome-based; (ii) business loss ≠ state loss; (iii) a hybrid model (corporate layer and assignment layer) anchored in BJR and GCG is most proportionate; (iv) harmonisation of the State Finance Law with Law 1/2025 and BJR-first, Public-Money-second enforcement guidance is required to prevent over-criminalisation while safeguarding public accountability.
CORE-PLASMA-BANK PARTNERSHIPS IN THE PLANTATION SECTOR AFTER THE JOB CREATION LAW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY AND PROTECTION IN THE STATEWELFARE LAW
This research analyses legal certainty, legal protection, and tripartite legal responsibility in core–plasma–bank partnerships in the plantation sector after the enactment of the Job Creation Law. The reforms removed the explicit statutory obligation to provide 20% plasma smallholder area contained in the 2014 Plantation Law and shifted it into a regime of facilitation and private contracts, thereby increasing normative ambiguity and weakening the bargaining position of plasma farmers. Using a normative juridical method that combines statutory and conceptual analysis, comparative law, and case studies, the research finds that existing norms do not yet provide adequate guarantees for plasma farmers. In practice, tripartite arrangements often transfer credit risk to plasma farmers as direct debtors, while effective control over land, technology, and marketing remains with the core company and, through loan covenants, the Bank. The novelty of the dissertation lies, first, in demonstrating how the removal of the 20% obligation materially erodes smallholder protection, and second, in formulating the Equitable Tripartite Partnership Theory (TKTB), which positions the bank as a party to the partnership whenever financing is a constitutive element of the scheme. Comparative experience from Malaysia and the Philippines supports a more proportional role for banks through credit-guarantee schemes and contract oversight. The study recommends positivising TKTB in licensing, standard contracts, supervision, and credit-guarantee design so as to realise contractual justice and effective protection for plasma farmers in line with Pancasila and Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution.
IMPROVING MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS THROUGH CREATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING INSTRUCTION: EVIDENCE FROM A CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL GROUP STUDY
Students’ mathematical problem-solving ability is still at a low level, which is indicated by their difficulty in solving mathematical problems creatively. This condition is closely related to the learning process in the classroom, where conventional teaching methods are still dominantly applied, resulting in students’ learning outcomes not reaching the minimum mastery criteria (KKM). This study aims to examine the effect of the Creative Problem Solving (CPS) learning model as a structured learning approach that emphasizes systematic problem identification, idea generation, and solution development based on students’ creativity to produce effective problem-solving outcomes. This study employed a quasi-experimental research design with a purposive sampling technique. The research population consisted of tenth-grade students at Senior High School 09, located on Jl. Cemara Raya, Padangsari, Banyumanik District, Semarang City, Central Java. The sample involved two classes, namely class X IPA-3 with 35 students as the experimental group and class X IPA-2 with 36 students as the control group. The research instruments included written tests to measure students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities, learning outcome tests, and observation sheets to evaluate the implementation of the learning process. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The results of data analysis showed that the calculated t-value (t_cal = 4.925) was greater than the t-table value (t_table = 1.666), leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. These findings indicate that the Creative Problem Solving learning model has a significant effect on students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities.
UNDERSTANDING BARRIERS TO EVIDENCE-BASED LABOR PAIN MANAGEMENT IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY
Effective labor pain management is a fundamental component of respectful and quality maternal healthcare. Despite the availability of evidence-based interventions, their implementation remains limited in low-resource settings. This study aims to explore and synthesize existing scholarly evidence on the barriers to evidence-based labor pain management in resource-constrained contexts through a qualitative literature review. Relevant peer-reviewed articles were systematically identified from major academic databases, focusing on qualitative and mixed-methods studies published in recent years. The selected literature was analyzed using a thematic synthesis approach to capture recurring patterns, perspectives, and contextual challenges reported by healthcare providers, women, and health systems. The findings reveal that barriers are multidimensional, encompassing structural constraints such as limited infrastructure, shortages of trained personnel, and inadequate access to analgesic options, as well as sociocultural factors including misconceptions about labor pain, gender norms, and patient–provider communication gaps. Additionally, institutional barriers such as restrictive policies, lack of clinical guidelines, and insufficient professional training further hinder the adoption of evidence-based practices. This review highlights the complex interplay between systemic, cultural, and organizational factors influencing labor pain management in low-resource settings. The study underscores the need for context-sensitive strategies, policy support, and capacity-building initiatives to bridge the gap between evidence and practice, ultimately improving maternal care quality and women’s childbirth experiences.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING ON TODDLERS’ NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN REDUCING STUNTING IN RIVERBANK AREAS
Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that affects children’s physical growth and cognitive development. Supplementary feeding is one of the strategies implemented to improve toddlers’ nutritional status and reduce stunting prevalence. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementary feeding on toddlers’ nutritional status in riverbank areas. This study employed a pre-experimental design with a one-group pre–post test approach. The sample consisted of 40 toddlers aged 6–59 months who received supplementary feeding for 90 days. Anthropometric measurements were conducted to assess height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores based on WHO standards. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. The results showed a significant improvement in toddlers’ nutritional status after the intervention. The mean height-for-age z-score increased from -2.31 to -1.78 (p = 0.001). The prevalence of stunting decreased from 45.0% to 25.0%. Body weight and height also increased significantly after supplementary feeding. In conclusion, supplementary feeding is effective in improving toddlers’ nutritional status and reducing stunting prevalence in riverbank communities. These findings suggest that supplementary feeding programs should be implemented continuously and integrated with nutrition education and community-based interventions.
BAYESIAN COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS SURVIVAL ANALYSIS FOR MODELING THE WAITING TIME OF BACHELOR’S DEGREE GRADUATES TO OBTAIN THEIR FIRST JOB(A CASE STUDY OF MATHEMATICS UNDERGRADUATE GRADUATES AT UDAYANA UNIVERSITY)
This study aims to modeling the duration of waiting time for graduates to get their first job, which is generally less than 12 months. The waiting time is influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include hardskill and softskill aspects. Hardskills in this study include Grade Point Average (GPA), graduation predicate, academic achievement, TOEFL score. Meanwhile, soft skills are measured through organizational experience. Then the factors outside of hard skills and soft skills are gender and sources of job vacancy information. The analysis was conducted using the Cox Proportional Hazard regression method using a Bayesian approach to understand the influence of each factor on the waiting time for graduates to get their first job. The results showed that gender, sources of information on job vacancies and hard skills did not have a significant effect on the waiting time for graduates to get their first job, while organizational experience had a significant effect in accelerating the waiting time for graduates to get their first job, showing the important role of soft skills in improving readiness and competitiveness in the world of work.
TOWARD AN INTEGRATED FINANCIAL STRATEGY FRAMEWORK FOR ACCOUNTABILITY AND BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
This study aims to systematically review and synthesize the existing literature on financial integration and operational optimisation in relation to accountability and sustainable business models. Using a qualitative library research approach, this study analyzes peer-reviewed articles retrieved from major academic databases to identify dominant themes, theoretical foundations, methodological trends, and emerging research directions. The analysis reveals four key thematic clusters: financial integration and corporate accountability; operational optimisation and efficiency enhancement; sustainability-oriented business models; and digital transformation as an enabling mechanism. The findings demonstrate that financial integration enhances transparency, governance quality, and stakeholder trust, while operational optimisation improves resource efficiency, organizational resilience, and competitive advantage. Moreover, digital technologies play a critical role in strengthening real-time financial monitoring, predictive planning, and sustainability performance measurement. Despite the growing volume of research, the literature remains fragmented, lacking holistic conceptual frameworks that integrate economic, operational, and sustainability dimensions. This study contributes by consolidating dispersed research streams into an integrated conceptual framework, offering theoretical insights, managerial implications, and policy recommendations to advance accountable and sustainable business practices. The findings provide a robust foundation for future empirical research and strategic implementation in dynamic and sustainability-driven business environments.
ADAPTING SKILLS FOR A DYNAMIC LABOR MARKET: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON LIFELONG LEARNING, MICRO-CREDENTIALS, AND SHORT-COURSE EDUCATION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ERA
The rapid expansion of the digital economy has fundamentally transformed labor markets, intensifying the need for continuous reskilling and upskilling to maintain workforce relevance and competitiveness. Traditional education systems are increasingly inadequate at addressing the pace and complexity of technological change, necessitating more flexible, adaptive learning models. In this context, lifelong learning, micro-credentials, and short-course education have emerged as strategic mechanisms for competency development and workforce adaptation. This study aims to systematically review and synthesize the scholarly literature on the roles of lifelong learning, micro-credentials, and short-course education in enhancing workforce adaptability in dynamic labor markets shaped by digital transformation. Employing a qualitative library-based research approach, this study analyses peer-reviewed publications indexed in major academic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. A thematic content analysis is applied to identify dominant research themes, conceptual frameworks, and empirical patterns. The findings reveal that lifelong learning functions as a structural foundation for workforce resilience, while micro-credentials and short-course education provide agile, industry-aligned pathways for rapid skill acquisition. Together, these learning modalities significantly enhance employability, occupational mobility, and organizational adaptability. However, challenges related to credential recognition, regulatory fragmentation, and unequal access persist, potentially limiting their long-term impact. This study contributes to the literature by offering an integrative conceptual synthesis that bridges fragmented research streams and elucidates the systemic role of adaptive learning mechanisms in the digital economy. The results provide critical insights for policymakers, educational institutions, and industry stakeholders in designing inclusive, coherent, and future-oriented workforce development strategies. Future research should prioritize longitudinal and comparative analyses to assess the sustained labor-market outcomes of micro-credentialing and short-course education across diverse institutional contexts.
THE INFLUENCE OF TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING (TBLT) AND LEARNING TECHNOLOGY ON SPEAKING SKILL DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
This literature review analyses the synergistic influence of Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) and learning technology on the development of EFL students' speaking skills through a review of the literature. The main findings confirm the superiority of TBLT over traditional methods, with the integration of technology-TBLT strengthening effectiveness through personalisation and real-time interaction in accordance with Interactionist Theory and the Output Hypothesis, identifying methodological gaps such as the lack of longitudinal research in the Indonesian context. The study recommends the adoption of hybrid TBLT-technology in the Merdeka Curriculum through teacher training and culturally relevant task design to optimise speaking proficiency in the digital age.
SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH ESG INITIATIVES: A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE FROM CORPORATE ANNUAL REPORTS
The global energy industry is facing a major transformation due to sustainability demands and the green energy transition. This study aims to analyze the integration of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) into strategic planning at PT PLN Nusantara Power (PLN NP) to achieve High-Quality Growth. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method on the 2024 Annual Report, this research explores how risk management mechanisms have transformed from a mere compliance function into a strategic enabler. The findings show that PLN NP successfully integrated ERM through three main pillars: alignment of risk appetite with Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), strengthening the Governance, Risk Management, and Compliance (GRC) framework, and utilizing digitalization (iCORE and Remool) for operational risk mitigation. Data analysis results indicate a decrease in the Equivalent Forced Outage Rate (EFOR) and the achievement of a KPI score of 106.31, confirming that risk integration strengthens organizational resilience amidst the uncertainties of the energy transition. Theoretically, this research reinforces the relevance of the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Contingency Theory in positioning ERM as a strategic capability that creates sustainable competitive advantage.
INTEGRATION OF ENTERPRISE RISK MANAGEMENT IN STRATEGIC PLANNING TO ACHIEVE HIGH-QUALITY GROWTH: A CASE STUDY OF PT PLN NUSANTARA POWER