INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) E-ISSN 3047-6151 Published once a month every year and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specializing in field research and literary reviews related to social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. The aim is to offer the reader a better understanding of Humanities and Social Sciences and to present progress through the publication of articles and research reports, which include field studies and literature reviews. This journal invites scholars and experts working in all disciplines. The article must be original, based on field research and literature, never previously published, and not being considered to be published in other journals. All papers submitted will be reviewed by the Editor, the editorial board, and the blind reviewer. Submissions that violate the format or length guidelines will be rejected without review. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) is a journal that deals with social, cultural, economic, political and educational issues. Education covers all kinds of fields of education, in the sphere of family, school, and even higher education. The field of education is not confined to either general education or special education, as is the case with the social sphere. International Journal of Social and Education (INJOSEDU) index by:
REGULATION AND THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF P2P LENDING FINTECH: A STUDY OF CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ILLEGAL ONLINE LENDING IN INDONESIA
The proliferation of illegal online lending (pinjol) in Indonesia has triggered a serious socio-economic and humanitarian crisis, despite the regulatory framework for fintech peer-to-peer (P2P) lending having been strengthened through Financial Services Authority (OJK) Regulation No. 40 of 2024. This article aims to examine two main dimensions: first, the effectiveness of regulations and consumer protection mechanisms within the fintech P2P lending ecosystem; second, the multidimensional social impacts caused by illegal online lending on individuals, families, and Indonesian society. This study employs a literature review (library research) using a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach. The findings indicate that whilst Indonesia’s regulatory framework is comprehensive in theory, its effectiveness is hampered by cross-border jurisdictional gaps, low levels of digital financial literacy among the public (only 38 per cent), and limited law enforcement capacity. The social impact of illegal online lending has gone beyond material losses and transformed into a humanitarian crisis encompassing severe psychological distress (68% of victims suffer from chronic depression and anxiety), the destruction of social relationships due to the practice of personal data dissemination (doxing), exponential debt cycles that cripple household economies, and even suicides that claim lives. This phenomenon also erodes social capital, deepens structural inequality, and undermines public trust in state institutions. This article recommends a holistic approach that integrates the strengthening of cross-border law enforcement cooperation, the acceleration of transformative digital financial literacy, the establishment of compensation and psychosocial rehabilitation mechanisms for victims, and structural reforms to expand access to formal financial services as a long-term preventive solution. Without such comprehensive intervention, P2P lending fintech innovations risk becoming a double-edged sword that widens social injustice and hinders Indonesia’s inclusive and sustainable digital economic transformation.
Copyright (c) 2026 INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR THE WEAKER PARTY IN CIVIL CONTRACTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN LAW AND INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE
Civil contracts, as fundamental instruments in modern legal and economic transactions, are often characterised by an imbalance in bargaining power between the parties, whereby the weaker party (consumers, workers, debtors) is in a vulnerable position and susceptible to contractual exploitation by the stronger party (business operators, employers, creditors). This study aims to analyse legal protection for weaker parties in civil contracts in Indonesia, compare it with international practices, and formulate policy recommendations to strengthen the national legal system. It employs a literature review using a legal-normative and comparative approach. The research findings indicate that Indonesia possesses a fairly comprehensive normative framework through the Civil Code and sectoral legislation; however, its effectiveness is hampered by low legal literacy, weak enforcement, and limited access to justice. Comparative analysis reveals that the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom have developed more advanced protection mechanisms, including mandatory protection that cannot be overridden by choice-of-law clauses, collective enforcement through consumer organisations and public authorities, and judicial flexibility to set aside unfair terms through the doctrine of unconscionability and the reasonableness test. This study recommends holistic reforms encompassing the adoption of the principle of mandatory protection, strengthening the powers of the BPSK and OJK for preventive oversight, integrating more flexible doctrines for the courts, simplifying class action mechanisms, and implementing a massive legal literacy programme. Without synergy between robust regulation, consistent enforcement, and community empowerment, legal protection for the vulnerable will remain a normative promise incapable of altering the reality of structural injustice in contractual relationships.
THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION FOR ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN CIVIL LAW
The rapid growth of electronic transactions in Indonesia has made the protection of personal data a central issue in civil law, particularly regarding the validity and enforcement of electronic contracts. This study aims to analyse the legal implications of personal data protection on electronic contracts from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, focusing on how Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) affects the validity requirements of contracts and the civil liabilities of the parties. The research method employed is normative legal research using a literature review approach, analysing primary legal sources such as the Civil Code, the ITE Law, and the PDP Law, as well as relevant secondary and tertiary legal materials. The research findings indicate that the PPDL has brought about a fundamental transformation in the legal framework of electronic contracts, wherein the consent of data subjects must meet the standards of informed consent—being explicit, specific, informative, and voluntary—to ensure that the element of agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code is materially fulfilled. Violations of personal data protection provisions may be classified as breach of contract or unlawful acts giving rise to civil liability in the form of damages, with a reversal of the burden of proof mechanism that places the data subject in a stronger position. It is concluded that the harmonisation between the Civil Code, the ITE Law, and the PDP Law has created a more comprehensive civil legal ecosystem, although the effectiveness of its enforcement still requires the strengthening of digital legal literacy and consistency in court jurisprudence.
BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE: OPPORTUNITIES AND LIMITATIONS
The development of digital technology has encouraged the use of big data analytics in public health, particularly in health surveillance systems. This study aims to comprehensively examine the opportunities and limitations of using big data analytics to improve the effectiveness of public health surveillance through a literature review approach. The method used is a literature review, analyzing various relevant scientific sources, such as international journals, health institution reports, and recent academic publications. The study results indicate that big data analytics has significant potential for improving early outbreak detection, real-time disease monitoring, and more accurate and rapid data-driven decision-making. The integration mixing information from multiple sources, including social media, electronic health records, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, makes surveillance systems more predictive and responsive. However, a number of restrictions need to be addressed, such as data security and privacy concerns, data quality and interoperability challenges, restricted technological infrastructure, and gaps in human resource capacity. Furthermore, ethical and regulatory challenges also hinder optimal implementation. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed to maximize the benefits of big data analytics while still considering the security, ethics, and sustainability of the health system.
DIGITAL TWIN TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS: REAL-TIME MONITORING AND PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
Engineering systems have been profoundly altered by the quick development of digital technologies, especially with the use of Digital Twin technology. The purpose of this project is to investigate how digital twins facilitate predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring within engineering systems using a literature review approach. The method involves systematically analyzing and synthesizing findings from recent scholarly articles, conference proceedings, and technical reports related to Digital Twin applications. The results indicate that The development of virtual copies of real systems is made easier by digital twin technology, enabling continuous data integration, performance simulation, and anomaly detection. Through real-time monitoring, engineering systems can achieve improved operational transparency and faster decision-making. Furthermore, the implementation of predictive maintenance supported by Digital Twin reduces downtime, optimizes maintenance scheduling, and minimizes operational costs by predicting potential failures before they occur. However, challenges such as data integration complexity, high implementation costs, and cybersecurity risks remain significant barriers. This study highlights that despite these challenges, Digital Twin technology presents substantial opportunities for enhancing efficiency, reliability, and sustainability in modern engineering systems. Future research is recommended to focus on scalable frameworks and secure data architectures to maximize its implementation.
IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF THE NINE-YEAR COMPULSORY EDUCATION POLICY IN KEEROM REGENCY
The nine-year compulsory education program is a strategic policy of the Indonesian government aimed at improving equitable access to basic education. In Keerom Regency, the implementation of this program still faces various challenges, including geographical constraints, limited educational infrastructure, and uneven distribution of teachers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the nine-year compulsory education program by focusing on its effectiveness, obstacles, and the role of stakeholders. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that the program has been implemented but has not yet reached optimal outcomes. Major obstacles include economic limitations of the community, low awareness of the importance of education, and limited access to schools. In addition, the shortage of teachers and inadequate educational facilities affect the quality of learning. Although efforts have been made by the local government and schools, these have not fully addressed the needs of all communities. This study concludes that strong synergy between the government, community, and stakeholders is essential to improve the success of the program through adaptive and sustainable policies.
YOUTH VOTER ORIENTATION IN BALI IN THE 2024 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
This study aims to analyze the orientation of young voters in the 2024 Presidential Election using a cross-tabulation approach across various demographic and social variables. The research employs a quantitative methodology with Chi-square test analysis to examine relationships among variables. The sample consists of 595 respondents from Generation Z and Millennials. The results indicate that gender, occupation, and education have a significant influence on preferences for presidential and vice-presidential candidate pairs. Specifically, Candidate Pair No. 2 dominates support across nearly all categories. In contrast, age and organizational participation show no significant effect on respondents’ choices. These findings suggest that the political orientation of young voters is more strongly influenced by socio-political background and educational level than by age or organizational experience.
A STRATEGIC MODEL FOR BUILDING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN PRIVATE ISLAMIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SERANG CITY(A Multi-site Analysis of SMPIT Al Izzah and SMP Nuur El Bantany in Serang City)
This study aims to identify the implementation of competitive advantage strategies, analyse internal school factors and external environmental pressures, and formulate a competitive advantage strategy model in private Islamic schools. The study employs a qualitative approach with a multi-site comparative design. Data were analysed using thematic interactive analysis supported by NVivo 12 software and SWOT analysis. Research data were obtained from subjects and informants consisting of headteachers, deputy headteachers for curriculum, teachers, students, school committees, and parents. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The findings indicate that private Islamic schools have implemented strategic management in a practical and sustainable manner, in which competitive advantage strategies are developed through a hybrid approach. Schools do not adopt a single strategy in isolation; instead, they combine strategies contextually according to internal capacities and external pressures. Private Islamic schools are able to survive and grow not because they are free from constraints, but because they are capable of managing these limitations strategically. Further findings describe a continuous process within private Islamic schools that results in cost affordability, value-based differentiation, community loyalty, stability in student enrolment, and increased public trust. Another key finding, which can be interpreted within the competitive advantage strategy model, suggests that the sustainability of competitive advantage is determined not only by academic excellence but also by relational strength and social legitimacy. The proposed model demonstrates that private Islamic schools are able to build a strong competitive position through the integration of values, strategy, and operational implementation, whilst emphasising strategic flexibility as a key factor in their competitiveness. The contribution of this study lies in the development of a model that is both conceptual and applicable. Efforts to build competitive advantage do not rely on a single strategy, but rather on a combination of cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies.
OPTIMISATION OF MARKETING AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS AS A MEANS OF ENHANCING ECONOMIC VALUE AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PALM OIL INDUSTRY
The palm oil industry is a strategic pillar of the Indonesian economy, making a significant contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), exports and employment. However, the industry faces structural challenges in the form of a sub-optimal marketing system, a reliance on raw material exports, a negative image regarding sustainability, and logistical inefficiencies that increase distribution costs and reduce product quality. This study aims to examine strategies for optimising the marketing and logistics systems as an effort to enhance the economic value and sustainability of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. The method employed is a literature review using a descriptive qualitative approach. The research findings indicate that optimising the marketing system through the diversification of high-value derivative products (oleochemicals, biodiesel, oleofoods), strengthening sustainability certification (ISPO and RSPO), digitalising marketing (e-commerce and blockchain), and enhancing national branding can increase export value by up to 25–30 per cent and open access to premium markets. Meanwhile, optimising the logistics system through infrastructure modernisation (plantation roads, specialised ports), the integration of digital technology (Warehouse Management System, IoT, GPS tracking), the implementation of green logistics, and collaboration with state-owned logistics enterprises has the potential to reduce distribution costs by 25–30 per cent, maintain product quality, and lower the carbon footprint of the supply chain. Synergy between these two pillars creates a multiplier effect for enhancing global competitiveness, stabilising farmers’ prices, and ensuring environmental sustainability. This study recommends an integrated approach involving political commitment from the government through coherent cross-ministerial policies, sustainable investment from industry players, and inclusive multi-stakeholder collaboration to build an economical, sustainable, and inclusive palm oil industry for the welfare of the Indonesian people.
REPRODUCING NIGERIAN STATE TOWARDS REAL PRODUCTIVE INVESTMENT: RECONFIGURING SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ‘PALLIATIVE’
Globally, social safety nets have become one of the viable strategies put in place to alleviate poverty and help financial needs of vulnerable especially developing countries like Nigeria. The study examines the need for reconfiguring ‘Palliative’ towards real productive investment in Nigerian economy. This is predicated on the implementation of the programme that has been over politicized and corruption have undermined the lofty intention of the policy. Sampling technique was used to determine the specific local Government Areas to be drawn from each senatorial districts in Ekiti State. A total of 175 beneficiaries were selected out of 4500 beneficiaries using Yamane’s formula for determining sample size. The study used structure questionnaire technique. The data gathered were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in frequency distribution tables and percentages. While interview were conducted among adhoc staff of SSNs seconded from all LGAs in the State. The major findings of the study include that SSNs has improved school enrolment and attendance in Nigerian Primary Schools. It was found out that the programme did not touch the real poor in Nigeria because of corruption and that politicians explored the avenue for political patronage. The study recommends upward review of the stipends paying to beneficiaries monthly to be commensurate with the inflation in the country and there must be proper and adequate monitoring of the implementation of SSNs.
INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION 2026: FROM DEFENSIVE STABILITY TO ACCELERATED UPSTREAM PROCESSING AND AN INCLUSIVE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article analyses the transformation of Indonesia's economic structure in 2026, which will shift from a defensive stability strategy—with stable GDP growth of 5.11 per cent in 2025—towards accelerating upstream processing (mineral, energy and agricultural downstreaming) and an inclusive digital economy as pillars of national sovereignty. The method used in this study is a literature review. The results show that the downstreaming programme targets Rp3,464.5 trillion in investment to create 1 million jobs and USD50 billion in added value, while the digital ecosystem targets USD146 billion in the digitisation of 20 million MSMEs and equitable access in 3T regions. The integration of these two pillars, supported by the PDP Law regulations and Industry 4.0 upskilling, has the potential to increase the contribution of digital manufacturing to GDP to 35 per cent by 2030, although the challenges of regional disparities and human resources need to be addressed through the synergy of the state budget and green growth engines to achieve the 8 per cent growth target and Indonesia Emas.
PRODUCT BRANDING TRANSFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE: STRATEGY, IDENTITY, AND CONSUMER LOYALTY FOR MSMEs
This article analyses the transformation of SME product branding in the digital era, focusing on digital-first strategies, brand identity strengthening, and their impact on consumer loyalty. The results show that strategies such as content marketing, influencer collaboration, e-commerce live streaming, and personalised SEO increase visibility by up to 60% and ROI by 5:1, while a cohesive digital brand identity—through authentic visual elements, local storytelling, and the Aaker model—accelerates loyalty through the Oliver stage with a 20-point increase in NPS, 40% retention, and 2x CLV. Practical implications include a 6-12 month roadmap for SMEs to compete in Indonesia's Rp 2,000 trillion digital economy by 2030, with recommendations for government-academic collaboration to address the digital literacy gap.
GREEN ECONOMY INTEGRATION IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN INDONESIA
This article examines green economy integration as Indonesia's main strategy in climate change mitigation and environmental preservation through a comprehensive literature review approach. Two main discussions cover (1) the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Initiative (LCDI), Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) 2025, and the 23% renewable energy target in the 2025-2029 RPJMN for GHG emission reduction, and (2) the synergy of the circular economy, biodiversity conservation, and community-based practices in agro-industrial waste management, green tourism, and ecosystem restoration. The research results confirm the effectiveness of the green economy in creating 1.8 million green jobs, forestry net sinks, and green Special Economic Zones (KEK) that balance 6.5% economic growth with environmental preservation. However, challenges such as fossil fuel dependency and cross-sectoral coordination require evidence-based recommendations in the form of green sukuk incentives, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and technological innovation to achieve net-zero emissions faster than the 2060 target.
STUTTERING PATTERNS IN ADULT PUBLIC SPEECH: A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SHARON’S TEDX TALKS
This study aims to analyze the types of stuttering speech disorders in an English speaker. The data source of this study is a YouTube video titled “The Power of a Stutter” by Sharon Steed, a person who experiences stuttering, published on the TEDx Talks channel. This research employed a qualitative descriptive method using listening and note-taking techniques to identify instances of stuttering in the speaker’s presentation. The results show that 124 instances of stuttering occurred within the 17 minutes and 33 seconds duration of the video. The analysis reveals that prolongation was the most dominant type of stuttering, occurring 40 times (32.3%). Repetition occurred 34 times (27.4%), while blocking occurred 33 times (26.6%). Mixed patterns were identified 17 times (13.7%). These findings indicate a relatively balanced distribution among the three primary types of stuttering observed in the speaker’s speech. This suggests that the stuttering disorder experienced by the speaker is complex and involves multiple forms of disfluency rather than a single dominant type, which is commonly associated with persistent stuttering in adults.
CORPORATE COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT WITH CONSUMER PROTECTION IN ELECTRONIC TRANSACTIONS: CIVIL LAW PERSPECTIVES AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
This article analyses corporate compliance management with consumer protection in electronic transactions from two main perspectives: civil law and economic implications. Using a normative legal approach, the analysis focuses on Articles 1320, 1338, and 1365 of the Civil Code, which regulate the validity of agreements, good faith, and tort liability in the digital ecosystem, as well as the application of RegTech to prevent default and the cancellation of unfair standard clauses. From an economic standpoint, compliance has proven to be a value driver with a net national benefit of IDR 5-10 trillion for the 2025-2027 period through a cost-benefit ratio of 3-5x, a reduction in litigation costs of IDR 1.2 trillion/year, and a 40% increase in customer lifetime value, in line with the 2026 digital economy target of USD 130 billion. Recommendations include mandatory ROI compliance reporting by the OJK starting in fiscal year 2027 and Internal Dispute Resolution as the first tier of dispute resolution. This interdisciplinary synthesis provides an actionable blueprint for digital companies, regulators, and legal practitioners for a sustainable electronic transaction ecosystem.
OPTIMISATION OF LAND MORTGAGE MANAGEMENT IN CORPORATE FINANCING: A CIVIL LAW STUDY AND ITS IMPACT ON BUSINESS LIQUIDITY
This article analyses the optimisation of land mortgage management as a strategic instrument for corporate financing from a civil economic perspective and its impact on business liquidity. Based on a legal-normative literature review of Law No. 4 of 1996, Book III of the Civil Code, and a case study of a state-owned construction company, the research proves that the parate executie doctrine and the preference system (prior tempore potior jure) increase the recovery rate by 82% in 12 months, the current ratio by 1.5x, and asset turnover by 2.3x through refinancing and multi-ranking HT. Systemic optimisation of HT reduces WACC by 2.5%, accelerates the velocity of money by 1.3x, and has the potential to channel Rp450 trillion in real credit by 2026 to support the GDP target of 5.2%. Recommendations include digitising BPN SHT, ABS-HT securitisation, and a single BPN-bank window to eliminate overlapping authorities that cause a 24-month holding period. These findings are relevant for legal practitioners, financial managers, and policymakers for the transformation of the land-based financing ecosystem towards an inclusive and resilient economy amid global volatility in 2026.
THE ROLE OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE IN IMPROVING ELEMENTARY TEACHER' TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS
This study aims to examine the role of Pedagogical Content Knowledge in enhancing the effectiveness of elementary school teachers' instruction thru a literature review approach. The background of the research is based on the importance of teachers' professional competence in facing the demands of 21st-century learning, which emphasizes conceptual understanding, active engagement, and meaningful learning. The method used is qualitative research by reviewing various scientific sources in the form of national and international journal articles, educational books, conference proceedings, as well as relevant theses and dissertations. The study results indicate that Pedagogical Content Knowledge plays a significant role in improving the quality of learning thru the presentation of more concrete concepts, the ability to address student misconceptions, and the enhancement of two-way interaction in the classroom. Teachers with a high level of Pedagogical Content Knowledge are able to design learning strategies that align with the characteristics of elementary school students, thereby encouraging active engagement and deeper conceptual understanding. Moreover, Pedagogical Content Knowledge contributes to the improvement of students' learning outcomes and critical thinking skills because the learning process focuses on understanding rather than mere memorization. This study concludes that strengthening Pedagogical Content Knowledge is a key factor in enhancing the effectiveness of elementary school teachers' instruction. Therefore, the professional development of teachers needs to be directed toward training based on Pedagogical Content Knowledge so that the quality of learning in elementary schools improves sustainably.
THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION IN CHARACTER BUILDING OF STUDENTS: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL LITERATURE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS
This study systematically analyses empirical literature on the role of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) in shaping the character of secondary school students in Indonesia through a literature review. The findings of this study confirm the effectiveness of IRE in increasing students' religiosity, discipline and social empathy through teacher role modelling strategies, habitual worship, thematic discussions of the Qur'an, and extracurricular religious activities. However, the implementation of PAI is hampered by low teacher pedagogical quality, monotonous methods, the negative influence of social media, and a lack of family-school synergy. Recommendations include a digital PAI curriculum, affective neuroscience teacher training, and collaboration between the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religious Affairs to optimise character based on akhlakul karimah (good character) in the digital era.
The Influence of Training, Environment, and Motivation on Archivist Performance in Buleleng Regency
Archiving is a crucial element in realizing accountable and transparent governance. However, internal archiving oversight of regional government agencies in Buleleng Regency indicates that some agencies have not yet achieved optimal performance, necessitating efforts to improve the performance of archivists. This study aims to analyze the influence of training, work environment, and motivation on the performance of archivists within regional government agencies in Buleleng Regency. This study uses a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis method. The independent variables in this study are training (X1), work environment (X2), and motivation (X3), while the dependent variable is the performance of archivists (Y). The study population is Government Employees with Work Agreements (PPPK) who serve as archivists in regional apparatus within the Buleleng Regency Government. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires using a Likert scale. The data obtained were analyzed through validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using t-tests, F-tests, and coefficients of determination (R²). The results of the study indicate that training, work environment, and motivation simultaneously have a significant effect on the performance of archivists. Partially, training has no significant effect on performance, while work environment and motivation have a positive and significant effect. Motivation is the most dominant variable influencing performance. The coefficient of determination value of 0.734 indicates that 73.4% of the variation in archivist performance can be explained by these three variables, while the remainder is influenced by other factors outside the research model. These findings indicate that improving the performance of archivists needs to be focused on strengthening work motivation and improving a conducive work environment, accompanied by evaluating the effectiveness of training programs to make them more applicable and sustainable. Keywords: performance, training, work environment, motivation, archiving.
ANALYSIS OF EARLY CHILDHOOD LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH STORYTELLING ACTIVITIES
Early childhood language development represents a foundational aspect of cognitive, social, and emotional growth. Storytelling activities are widely recognized as a pedagogical strategy that stimulates linguistic competence by fostering vocabulary acquisition, narrative comprehension, listening skills, and expressive communication. This study aims to analyze the role of storytelling activities in supporting early childhood language development using a literature review approach. Relevant scholarly articles, books, and empirical studies published in the fields of early childhood education, developmental psychology, and language acquisition were systematically examined. The review highlights that storytelling provides rich linguistic input, encourages interaction, enhances imagination, and strengthens children’s ability to structure thoughts verbally. Findings from the literature consistently indicate that storytelling contributes positively to both receptive and expressive language skills, including improvements in vocabulary breadth, sentence formation, phonological awareness, and conversational abilities. Furthermore, storytelling is shown to promote socio-emotional engagement, which indirectly supports communication confidence. The study concludes that storytelling activities constitute an effective, developmentally appropriate intervention for optimizing early language growth. Implications emphasize the need for educators and parents to integrate structured, interactive storytelling practices within early childhood learning environments.
STRENGTHENING RELIGIOUS MODERATION THROUGH THE ICEBERG ANALYSIS MODEL AS AN EFFORT TO COUNTERACT COGNITIVE BIAS AMONG RADICAL GROUPS FOR ISLAMIC EDUCATION STUDENTS UIN FATMAWATI SUKARNO BENGKULU
The aim of this research is to find out the process of strengthening religious moderation through developing the iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in Islamic religious education students at UIN Famawati Sukarno Bengkulu and to find out the effectiveness of developing the iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in students Islamic religious education at UIN Famawati Sukarno Bengkulu. The research method that will be used is Participatory Action Research (PAR). Through this method, researchers will involve themselves directly in strengthening religious moderation through the Iceberg analysis model as an effort to counteract the cognitive bias of radicals in Islamic Religious Education students at UIN Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu. The results of the research are that Islamic Religious Education Students identified events related to moderate/immoderate actions. Islamic Religious Education Students identify events related to the cognitive bias of radicals, Islamic Religious Education Students formulate patterns and trends, cause structures and determine mental models. Islamic Religious Education Students formulate theoretical actions. Carrying out change action movements through; rethinking, redesigning, reframing to actually reacting.
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE REGIONAL LEADERSHIP OF THE MUHAMMADIYAH STUDENT ASSOCIATION OF LAMPUNG
Rapid developments in the era of globalisation mean that effective communication, both internally and externally, is a very important factor for the success of Islamic organisations in achieving their organisational goals. Communication plays a very significant role in ensuring that all organisational activities continue to run smoothly. In the context of organisations, communication is one of the functions that allows people to get to know each other's personalities, including leaders and members who have different needs. This study aims to improve organisational communication skills at PW IPM Lampung. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and documentation. The results of the study show that the leadership's strategy in improving the communication skills of PW IPM Lampung members is in line with the concept of communication. Through the application of this strategic concept, the leadership is able to foster effective relationships between members of the organisation, improve coordination, and provide direction and evaluation to achieve the goals and work programmes of the organisation.
ADAPTIVE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES: PERSONALIZING INSTRUCTION TO ENHANCE STUDENT MOTIVATION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of digital technology has encouraged the emergence of adaptive learning technologies that allow personalized learning based on students' abilities and needs. This study aims to examine the development of adaptive learning technology and its implications on learning motivation and student learning outcomes through the library research method. Research data was obtained from various reputable scientific articles indexed by Scopus and other relevant academic sources, then analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify research trends, key findings, and research gaps related to adaptive learning. The results of the study show that adaptive learning technology has the potential to increase student engagement and learning motivation through the presentation of materials that are tailored to individual abilities. In addition, personalization of learning also contributes to improved learning outcomes when supported by appropriate pedagogic design and effective technology integration. However, the implementation of adaptive systems still faces challenges related to infrastructure readiness, educator competence, and user data protection aspects. Therefore, future development of adaptive learning will need to integrate technology, pedagogical strategies, and institutional support to create a more effective and sustainable learning experience.
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING FOR CRITICAL THINKING DEVELOPMENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of 21st-century education emphasizes the importance of critical thinking skills as essential competencies for students in facing complex real-world challenges. Project-Based Learning (PBL) has emerged as a student-centered instructional approach that engages learners in authentic problem-solving through collaborative and inquiry-based activities. This study aims to examine the role of Project-Based Learning in improving students’ critical thinking skills through a literature review approach. Data were collected from reputable academic publications indexed in international databases and analyzed using content analysis to identify research trends, key findings, and research gaps related to PBL implementation. The findings indicate that PBL positively contributes to the development of critical thinking skills by promoting active learning, collaboration, and reflective problem-solving experiences. However, the effectiveness of PBL depends mainly on the quality of instructional design, teacher facilitation, and integration within the curriculum. Challenges related to implementation readiness and assessment strategies remain important considerations. Therefore, future development of project-based instruction should integrate sound pedagogical planning and technological support to maximize learning outcomes and foster sustainable development of critical thinking in education.
VIRTUAL AND AUGMENTED REALITY IN MODERN EDUCATION: IMPROVING LEARNING QUALITY AND ENGAGEMENT
The use of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies has emerged as an important innovation in modern education by creating immersive and interactive learning experiences. This study aims to analyze previous research on the role of VR and AR in improving learning quality and student engagement in the digital age. The research employs a qualitative approach, using library research to review scholarly articles and academic publications on immersive learning technologies. The findings indicate that VR and AR technologies enhance students’ conceptual understanding and engagement through realistic simulations and interactive visualization. However, successful implementation depends on pedagogical design, technological infrastructure readiness, and educators’ ability to effectively integrate immersive technologies into learning environments. The study highlights the importance of aligning technological innovation with instructional strategies to optimize learning outcomes in modern education systems.
MARKETING AND BRANDING IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN BUSINESS STRATEGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PROMOTION STRATEGY, MARKET SEGMENTATION, PRICING, DISTRIBUTION, AND BRAND IDENTITY FORMATION THROUGH PERSONAL, PRODUCT, CULTURAL, AND GEOGRAPHIC BRANDING — A LITERATURE REVIEW
This study discusses marketing and branding in the context of modern business strategy through a literature review approach. The analysis focuses on the elements of marketing strategy, namely promotion strategy, market segmentation, pricing, and distribution, as well as brand identity formation through personal branding, product branding, cultural branding, and geographic branding. This study shows that modern marketing no longer stands alone but must be integrated with consistent branding practices to create differentiation, build brand equity, and strengthen long-term relationships with consumers. Through a synthesis of the literature, this study develops a conceptual framework that links the 4P/7P marketing mix with various branding approaches, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of more effective and sustainable business strategies in the digital age.
STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE LAW IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A LITERATURE ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT, SUPERVISION, AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES AS INSTRUMENTS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROFIT-ORIENTED ECONOMIC ENTITIES — A LITERATURE REVIEW
State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) occupy a strategic position as instruments of national development and profit-oriented economic entities, making good governance a key prerequisite for realising this dual function. This study is a literature review that analyses SOE law from the perspective of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), focusing on the aspects of SOE management, supervision and accountability. Through a normative literature analysis of Law No. 19 of 2003 on SOEs, KNKG guidelines, and OECD GCG principles, this study identifies that the formal structure of SOE organs is in line with the principle of separation of functions, but the practice of organ appointment, political intervention, and weak supervisory independence remain major obstacles. SOE accountability requires the integration of public and private law norms, with the business judgement rule and fiduciary duty principles as pillars of legal protection for the Board of Directors as well as a guarantee of state interests. In conclusion, strengthening GCG through regulatory reform, professionalisation of management bodies, and external oversight synergy is necessary to ensure that SOEs can carry out their dual roles effectively and sustainably.
NONFORMAL EDUCATION AS A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO REDUCING EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITY: EXPANDING LEARNING ACCESS BEYOND FORMAL SCHOOLING
Educational inequality remains a persistent challenge in many developing countries, particularly among marginalized communities with limited access to formal schooling. Nonformal education, often implemented through community-based and lifelong learning programs, offers flexible and inclusive learning opportunities for individuals excluded from formal education systems. This study aims to analyze the role of nonformal education as a strategic mechanism for reducing educational disparities and promoting social inclusion. Using a qualitative literature review approach, this study synthesizes findings from previous research, policy documents, and reports related to nonformal education initiatives. The analysis indicates that nonformal education contributes significantly to expanding educational access, improving life skills, and enhancing community empowerment, especially among disadvantaged populations. However, challenges remain in program sustainability, policy integration, and quality assurance. Strengthening collaboration among governments, communities, and educational institutions is essential to maximize the impact of nonformal education programs. The study highlights the importance of positioning nonformal education as a complementary pathway within national education systems to achieve equitable and inclusive lifelong learning.
RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND AIR QUALITY IN URBAN AREAS OF BANTEN PROVINCE
The transition to renewable energy is one of the main strategies for reducing air pollution and improving environmental health in urban areas. Banten Province, as a region with high industrial and transportation activity, faces air quality issues that impact public health. This research aims to analyze the impact of the renewable energy transition on air quality and environmental health in urban areas of Banten Province. The research uses a quantitative approach with descriptive and explanatory designs. Data were obtained from secondary air quality data including parameters PM2.5, NOx, SO₂, CO, and O₃, as well as primary data from a community survey regarding environmental health conditions. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and regression models to test the relationship between renewable energy use, emission reduction, and health impacts. The research results indicate that increased utilization of renewable energy significantly impacts the reduction of air pollutant concentrations. The decrease in air pollution quality is associated with a reduced risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in urban populations. This research concludes that the transition to renewable energy plays an important role in improving air quality and environmental health in urban areas of Banten Province, and therefore needs to be supported by sustainable policies and implementation.
CIVIL LIABILITY OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE DIRECTORS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SPECIAL ASSIGNMENTS
This study examines the civil liability of Directors of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) when executing special assignments of the state under the reformed framework of Law SOE 2025. Research questions: (1) How should directors’ civil liability be assessed through the lens of the Company Law and the Business Judgment Rule (BJR)? (2) What are the proper form and limits of that liability when special assignments generate losses, and what regulatory model best aligns with Good Corporate Governance (GCG)? Method: doctrinal (normative) legal research using statute, conceptual, and case approaches; prescriptive qualitative analysis. Grand Theory: welfare state; Middle Range Theory: fiduciary duty and BJR; corporate governance (GCG/OECD-SOE) as the applied theory. Analysis shows that Law 1/2025 (i) ring-fences SOE property (Arts. 4A(5), 4B), (ii) codifies BJR for SOE organs (Art. 9F), and (iii) restructures special assignments (Arts. 87C–87D: presidential decree, separate accounting, and state funding if financially unviable). Through Art. 94A(b), asset/profit-loss status follows this law as lex specialis. The dissertation proposes a Two-Gate Test: Gate-1 (BJR-first) four cumulative BJR prongs; Gate-2 (Public-Money test) criminal law engages only when public funds (budget/equity injections/compensation/guarantees) are directly impaired and/or there is unlawful conduct (fraud/conflict of interest). Findings: (i) directors' civil liability is fault-based, not outcome-based; (ii) business loss ≠ state loss; (iii) a hybrid model (corporate layer and assignment layer) anchored in BJR and GCG is most proportionate; (iv) harmonisation of the State Finance Law with Law 1/2025 and BJR-first, Public-Money-second enforcement guidance is required to prevent over-criminalisation while safeguarding public accountability.